{"id":654,"date":"2019-05-10T10:45:18","date_gmt":"2019-05-10T10:45:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/?page_id=654"},"modified":"2020-05-27T09:04:44","modified_gmt":"2020-05-27T09:04:44","slug":"an-sioladoir-nua","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/?page_id=654","title":{"rendered":"An S\u00edolad\u00f3ir Nua"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

An S\u00edolad\u00f3ir Nua<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uimhir a hAon Earrach 2016<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cl\u00fadach<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cl\u00e1r<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n Stair\n Chumann na Sagart        (7,000 focal)\n <\/td>\n Tom\u00e1s \u00d3\n Fiaich\n <\/td>\n 1-15\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n Sagairt\n Dheoise Bhaile \u00c1tha Cliathagus an \u00c9ir\u00ed Amach 1916\n <\/td>\n Diarmuid\n Martin, Ardeaspag (Aistrithe \u00f3n Bh\u00e9arla ag Helen \u00d3 Murch\u00fa) Bhaile Atha\n Cliath \n <\/td>\n 16-20\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n Athruithe,\n athruithe \u2026 (2,000 focal)\n <\/td>\n Helen \u00d3\n Murch\u00fa\n <\/td>\n 13-18\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n An\n Tiomna Nuadh i teanga labhartha na ndaoine\n <\/td>\n Fearghus\n \u00d3 Fearghail\n <\/td>\n 21-32\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n Caiticiosma\n na hEaglaise Caitlic\u00ed agus Dara Comhairle na Vatac\u00e1ine (3,000 focal)\n <\/td>\n Donncha\n \u00d3 hAodha\n <\/td>\n 33-38\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n C\u00e9 hiad\n sin mo a bhfuil faobhar ar a ghoile? (4,000 focal)\n <\/td>\n Colm \u00d3\n Torna\n <\/td>\n 39-50\n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Stair Chumann na Sagart<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tom\u00e1s \u00d3 Fiaich<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. I.FR\u00c9AMHACHA<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n

    Dh\u00e1\nthraidisi\u00fan, dar liom, a th\u00e1inig le ch\u00e9ile i mbun\u00fa Chumann na Sagart, n\u00f3 Cumann\nna Sagart nGaedhaelach, mar a thugta\u00ed air sa ch\u00e9ad s\u00e1 sc\u00f3r bliain d\u00e1 shaol. An\nch\u00e9ad traidisi\u00fan acu si\u00fad an n\u00f3s a buna\u00edodh \u00f3n bhliain 1895 ar aghaidh, nuair a\nbh\u00ed Col\u00e1iste Ph\u00e1draig Maigh Nuad c\u00e9ad bliain d\u2019aois, go dtigeadh na hiarmhic\nl\u00e9inn i gcionn a ch\u00e9ile gach samhradh chun ceisteanna poibl\u00ed a bh\u00ed i mb\u00e9al an\nphobail a phl\u00e9. Chuir na cruinnithe bliant\u00fala seo de Aontas Mhaigh Nuad gl\u00e9as\nar f\u00e1il do chl\u00e9ir na h\u00c9ireann \u00f3 th\u00fas an 20\u00fa c\u00e9ad ar aghaidh a dtionchar a imirt\nar bhonn N\u00e1isi\u00fanta ar bhealach nach raibh acu san 19\u00fa haois agus thosaigh siad\nag dul i bhfeidhm ar thuairim\u00ed a ch\u00e9ile, \u00e1 spreagadh, \u00e1 ngr\u00edosadh, \u00e1 mbeacht\u00fa,\n\u00e1 ndaingni\u00fa, corruair \u00e1 maol\u00fa agus corruair \u00e1 ng\u00e9ar\u00fa. Ba ghairid go mb\u00edodh\nmiondreamanna i measc na cl\u00e9ire a raibh sp\u00e9is acu in \u00e1bhar faoi leith ag teacht\nle ch\u00e9ile I gcruinnithe speiaialta ar \u00f3c\u00e1id an Aontais agus ar an d\u00f3igh sin a\nsaola\u00edodh cumainn mar an Catholic Record Society of Ireland in 1912<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

               \nAn dara traidisi\u00fan a chuaigh i dtionchar ar bhun\u00fa Chumann na Sagart n\u00e1 an sciar\nfi\u00fantach de theagasc Chonradh na Gaeilge a bh\u00ed ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an chl\u00e9ir\nChaitliceach \u00f3 bhlianta deiridh an 19\u00fa haois ar aghaidh. N\u00edorbh \u00e9 an Conradh,\nar nd\u00f3igh, an ch\u00e9ad ghluaiseacht Ghaeilge a raibh baill aonar\u00e1nacha den chl\u00e9ir\ns\u00e1ite inti. Bh\u00ed corr scol\u00e1ire ina measc p\u00e1irteach san Archaeological Society\n<\/em>agus sa Celtic Society<\/em> i l\u00e1r an 19\u00fa haois. Bh\u00ed an t-Ardeaspag Mac\n\u00c9il ag aistri\u00fa t\u00e9axanna \u2013 An Iliad<\/em> agus Moore\u2019s Melodies<\/em> \u2013 agus\nn\u00edos m\u00f3 den d\u00fathracht n\u00e1 de fh\u00e9ith na fil\u00edochta taobh thiar d\u00e1 iarrachta\u00ed. Bh\u00ed\nan tAth. Uilleog de B\u00farca, ollamh i gCol\u00e1iste Iarlatha i dTuaim agus sagart\npar\u00f3iste Chl\u00e1r Clainne Mhuiris ar ball i mbun \u201cRoinn na Gaeilge\u201d sa Nation<\/em>\nagus n\u00edos d\u00e9ana\u00ed sa Tuam News<\/em>. Nuair a buna\u00edodh Cumann Buan-Chosanta na\nGaeilge in 1887, cuireadh faoi choimirce Mhic \u00c9il \u00e9, agus bh\u00ed baint mh\u00f3r ag de\nB\u00farca leis an leabhair teagaisc a chur an cumann amach. Nuair a th\u00e1inig scoilt\nsa chumann sin agus gur sh\u00edolraigh Aontacht na Gaeilge as in 1880, bh\u00ed de B\u00farca\nina chrann taca l\u00e1idir ag an eagra\u00edocht nua, go h\u00e1irithe tar \u00e9is bhun\u00fa Irisleabhar\nna Gaedhilge<\/em> in 1882. Sagart eile a bh\u00ed ina r\u00fana\u00ed ar an d\u00e1 chumann i dt\u00fas a\nr\u00e9, an tAth. \u00d3 Nuall\u00e1in, Cairmil\u00edteach. Agus chabhraigh c\u00fapla \u00cdos\u00e1nach eile, an\ntAth. Se\u00e1n \u00d3 Cearbhaill agus an tAth. \u00c9amonn \u00d3 h\u00d3g\u00e1in (\u00fadar an Onomasticon<\/em>)\nleis an obair.<\/p>\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n

               \nNuair a th\u00e1inig dream beag le ch\u00e9ile i Sr. U\u00ed Chonaill, Baile \u00c1tha Cliath, in\n1893 chun Conradh na Gaeilge a bhun\u00fa, bh\u00ed sagart amh\u00e1in ina measc, an tAth.\nLiam \u00d3 hAod\u00e1in de Chumann \u00cdosa. Bh\u00ed an tAth. Eoghan \u00d3 Gramhna thar s\u00e1ile san\nam, an sagart \u00f3g a ceapadh ina ollamh le Gaeilge i Maigh Nuad dh\u00e1 bhliain\nroimhe sin, agus a bh\u00ed ina eagarth\u00f3ir ar Irisleabhar na Gaeilge<\/em> san am\nc\u00e9anna. In alt misni\u00fail a foils\u00edodh san Irish Ecclesiastical Record<\/em>,\nSamhain 1890, l\u00e9irigh s\u00e9 go raibh g\u00e9argh\u00e1 lena thuilleadh sagart a chuirfeadh\nsuim sa teanga. Tar \u00e9is liosta fada de scol\u00e1ir\u00ed Gaeilge \u00f3 Jubainville go\nThurneysen a lua, scr\u00edobh se :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    All these are foreigners and nearly all\nCatholic\u2026..if we search among Irish Catholics, we find no laymen of\neminence\u2026..Then in the clergy we shall meet with very few scholars. There are\neight or nine in the regular orders. The secular clergy are represented by Dr.\nMcCarthy, and one or two others rarely en evidence, and by a handful of younger\npriests, willing, it may be, and earnest, but without influence and\nopportunities<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Scr\u00edobh\nEoin Mac N\u00e9ill alt den chine\u00e1l c\u00e9anna san Irish Ecclesiastical Record<\/em>,\nNollaig 1891, mar dhuirt s\u00e9 go soil\u00e9ir go bhf\u00e9adfadh an chl\u00e9ir an Ghaeilge a\nsh\u00e1bh\u00e1il n\u00f3 a mharbhadh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    To one even practically conversant with the facts\nof the case, it must seem a truism to say that the future of the Irish Language\nis almost wholly in the hands of the clergy\u2026there is no other body and there\nare no other individuals in possession of any such influence<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n

    Ba \u00e9\nCuallacht Cholm Cille a buna\u00edodh i measc mhic l\u00e9inn Mhaigh Nuad in 1898 an\nch\u00e9ad ghl\u00e9as a cuireadh ar f\u00e1il chun soisc\u00e9al na Gaeilge a theagasc go\nforleathan agus go lean\u00fanach i measc na cl\u00e9ire \u00f3ige. Faoin am sin bh\u00ed Eoghan \u00d3\nGramhna ar leaba an bh\u00e1is in Arizona \u2013 fuair se b\u00e1s an bhliain ina dhiaidh sin\n\u2013 ach lean an chomharba Miche\u00e1l \u00d3 hIc\u00ed den soisc\u00e9al c\u00e9anna i dt\u00fas na fichi\u00fa\nhaoise. Ba ghairid go raibh gl\u00fain nua den shagart \u00f3ga \u00e1 n-ullmh\u00fa i Maigh Nuad\nagus s\u00e9ala na Cuallachta ar a n-\u00e9adan. Bh\u00ed siad ag teacht faoi thionchar U\u00ed\nGhramhna fi\u00fa amh\u00e1in tar \u00e9is bh\u00e1is d\u00f3, mar tugadh a chorp ar ais go Maigh Nuad i\n1903; nuair a bh\u00ed Dubhghlas de h\u00cdde sna St\u00e1it Aontaithe in 1905-6, thug s\u00e9 2an\n\u00e1it is Geala\u00ed in \u00c9irinn\u201d ar an chol\u00e1iste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

               \nFeictear dom go minic gurbh \u00ed an ghl\u00fain sagart a th\u00e1inig as Maigh Nuad sna\nblianta roimh an ch\u00e9ad Chogadh Domhanda an ghl\u00fain ba Gheala\u00ed agus ba shaibhre\nt\u00edrghr\u00e1 a agus ba thorth\u00fala saothar ar son a bpobail f\u00e9in agus na n\u00e1isi\u00fain thar\nlear d\u00e1r sh\u00edolraigh as Maigh Nuad riamh anall. Ina measc bh\u00ed an tAth D\u00f3nall \u00d3\nTuathail \u00f3 Dh\u00fan agus Coinnire, an t\u00e9 a chuir eagar ar T\u00f3raidheacht na\nbhFir\u00e9in ar lorg Chr\u00edost, <\/em>an tAth. Lorcan \u00d3 Muir\u00ed \u00f3 Ard Mhacha, Bunaitheoir\nChol\u00e1iste Rann na Feirste, An tUltach<\/em> agus Comhaltas Uladh, an tAth.\nTom\u00e1s \u00d3 Ceallaigh \u00f3 Ail Finn, an ch\u00e9ad duine a thug faoi Opera<\/em> a chumadh\ni nGaeilge, an tAth. P\u00f3l Breathnach, stara\u00ed agus ollamh, an tAth. Liam \u00d3\nFearghusa \u00f3 Chiarra\u00ed, crann taca agus athbhunaitheoir Chumann na Sagart sna\ntr\u00edochaid\u00ed, agus liosta fada cl\u00e9ire a bh\u00ed iontach saothrach i gc\u00farsa\u00ed Gaeilge\nar ball \u2013 Tom\u00e1s Burbage (Cill Dara), Riobard Fullerton agus S\u00e9amus Mac\nL\u00e9anach\u00e1in (D\u00fan & Coinnire), Miche\u00e1l Mac Cearbhaill agus Con Mac a\u2019 Bhaird\n(Clochar), P\u00e1draig Mac Giolla Cearra (R\u00e1th Bhoth), Peadar Mag Loingsigh agus\nUaitear \u00d3 h\u00c9igeartaigh (Doire), M\u00e1irt\u00edn \u00d3 D\u00f3naill (Tuaim), M\u00e1irt\u00edn \u00d3 Riain\n(Fearna), Tom\u00e1s \u00d3 Muircheartaigh (Ciarra\u00ed), agus go leor eile. Leis na tr\u00e9imhse\nch\u00e9anna, ar nd\u00f3igh, a bhain na sagairt a bhunaigh Misin\u00e9ir\u00ed N. Columb\u00e1in. <\/p>\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n

               \nFeiceann t\u00fa an Ghaeilge ag sleamhn\u00fa isteach i gn\u00e1thch\u00farsa\u00ed an Chol\u00e1iste nuair a\nbh\u00ed an sagairt ina mhic l\u00e9inn ann \u2013 an Paidr\u00edn P\u00e1irteach i nGaeilge gach o\u00edche\n\u00f3 th\u00fas an ch\u00e9id; l\u00e9itheoireacht Ghaeilge ag an suip\u00e9ir gach o\u00edche \u00f3 1906 ar\naghaidh; ainmneacha na sagart \u00f3g in airde ar a gcuid picti\u00fair ar na balla\u00ed i\nnGaeilge, \u00f3n bhliain 1909 amach. Sa bhliain 1906 thug an Dr. Risteard de\nHindeberg an ch\u00e9ad l\u00e9acht i nGaeilge faoi choimirce Aontas Mhaigh Nuad ag a\ngcruinni\u00fa bliant\u00fail i m\u00ed Meithimh. (\u201cTeagasc Tr\u00ed Ghaeilge\u201d) agus d\u2019fh\u00e1s an n\u00f3s\nas sin amach go mb\u00edodh leacht Gaeilge amh\u00e1in i gc\u00f3na\u00ed ar l\u00e1 an Aontais. Seo iad\nna cainteoir\u00ed: 1907 Tom\u00e1s \u00d3 Ceallaigh, An Sagart & An Saol nua in \u00c9irinn<\/em>;\n1908 Se\u00e1n \u00d3 Cuinneag\u00e1in, Oile\u00e1n Toraigh<\/em>; 1909 Canon Macken, An\nGhaeilge i gC\u00faige Connachta<\/em>; 1910 An tAth. Peadar \u00d3 Laoire, Athbheochan\nna Gaeilge<\/em>; 1911 P\u00f3l Breathnach, An Ghaeilge sna Scoileanna<\/em>, 1912\nAindrias \u00d3 C\u00e9illeachair, F\u00e9inriail ag \u00c9irinn<\/em>; 1913 Cathaoir \u00d3 Braon\u00e1in, An\nB\u00e9arla agus an Creideamh in \u00c9irinn.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. II.B\u00daN\u00da & F\u00c1S<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      I\nMeitheamh 1914 l\u00e9igh an tAth. Gear\u00f3id \u00d3 Nuall\u00e1in, ollamh nua na Gaeilge, a\nth\u00e1inig i gcomharbas ar \u00d3 hIc\u00ed, nuair a briseadh as a phost \u00e9 agus uncail Myles\nna gCopaleen agus Chiar\u00e1in, eagarth\u00f3ir Inni\u00fa<\/em>, p\u00e1ip\u00e9ar Gaeilge ag tion\u00f3l\nan Aontais dar teideal; \u201cDualgas na Cl\u00e9ire i ngn\u00f3 na Gaedhilge\u201d. Chuir s\u00e9 i\ngcuimhne don chl\u00e9ir a bh\u00ed ag \u00e9isteacht leis go raibh creideamh agus an teanga\nfite fuaite ina ch\u00e9ile san am a bh\u00ed imithe, agus mhol s\u00e9 d\u00e1 lucht \u00e9isteachta\ncumann speisialta a bhun\u00fa don chl\u00e9ir Ghaelach. \u201cIs m\u00f3 cuallacht ann cheana\u201d ar\nseisean, \u201cchun cosanta na Gaedhlige ar n\u00e1imhdibh na t\u00edre. Ach d\u00e1 mh\u00e9id \u00e9 n\u00ed\nleor \u00e9. T\u00e1 g\u00e1dh le tuille. Go m\u00f3r-mh\u00f3r t\u00e1 g\u00e1dh le cuallacht f\u00e9 leith n\u00e1 beadh\ninti ach sagairt; sagairt a chuirfeadh suim sa nGaedhilg, agus go mbeadh an\nGhaedhilg aca, n\u00f3 aidhm aca, ar \u00ed a bheith aca; sagairt a thuigfeadh an\ndl\u00fath-cheangal at\u00e1 idir an Ghaeghilg agus an creideamh agus a dh\u00e9anfadh a\nnd\u00edcheall chun an cheangail sin a choime\u00e1d agus do bhuanughadh\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n

      Chomh\nfada agus is f\u00e9idir liom a dh\u00e9anamh amach n\u00edor glacadh an ch\u00e9ad ch\u00e9im eile ar\nan \u00f3c\u00e1id sin, ach ag cruinni\u00fa an Aontais i 1915, nuair a l\u00e9igh an tAth. S\u00e9amus\nach Leanach\u00e1in as B\u00e9al Feirste p\u00e1ip\u00e9ar a bh\u00ed m\u00f3r\u00e1n ar an t\u00e9ad c\u00e9anna. Tar \u00e9is\nan cheist a ch\u00edoradh athuair, toghadh coiste sealadach le dul i mbun oibre.\nTh\u00e1inig an coiste seo le ch\u00e9ile i mBaile \u00c1tha Cliath l\u00e9 Fh\u00e9ile Br\u00edde 1916 agus\nshocraigh siad go ngairm\u00ed an ch\u00e9ad chruinni\u00fa ginear\u00e1lta de \u201cCumann na Sagart\nnGaedhealach\u201d i Maigh Nuad ar l\u00e1 an Aontais m\u00ed Meithimh ina dhiaidh sin.\nIarradh ar an tAth. Tom\u00e1s de Bh\u00e1l as Fairche Luimn\u00ed l\u00e9acht a thabhairt ar an\n\u00f3c\u00e1id sin ar ghluaiseacht teangtha i dt\u00edortha \u00e9ags\u00fala ar Mh\u00f3r-Roinn na hEorpa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                 \nFaoin am a th\u00e1inig an cruinni\u00fa sin le ch\u00e9ile bh\u00ed \u00c9\u00edre m\u00fascailte as a suan ag\n\u00edobairt\u00ed na C\u00e1sca. Bh\u00ed an Ginear\u00e1l Maxwell i ndiaidh iarraidh ar an Dr. \u00d3\nDuibhir, Easpag Luimn\u00ed, pion\u00f3s a ghearradh ar bheirt shagart d\u00e1 chuid a bh\u00ed\nr\u00f3-chabhrach leis na h\u00d3glaigh, rud a thuill freagra do Maxwell nach raibh s\u00e9 ag\ns\u00fail leis an ionsa\u00ed g\u00e9ar \u00f3n Easpag ar pholasa\u00ed Shasana in \u00c9irinn. Agus b\u2019eol\ndon chl\u00e9ir a th\u00e1inig chuig an chruinni\u00fa go raibh leachta\u00ed, an tAth de Bh\u00e1l, ar\ndhuine de bheirt shagart a tharraing fearg Maxwell orthu f\u00e9in. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                 \nCaint leannta a thug an tAth. de Bh\u00e1l do chruinni\u00fa tionscnaimh Chumann na\nSagart nGaedhealach. Labhair s\u00e9 faoi na hiarrachta\u00ed a rinneadh chun teacht i\ngcabhair ar an Phl\u00e9imeannais a shaibhri\u00fa agus a neart\u00fa, n\u00ed amh\u00e1in mar chosaint\nar an n\u00e1isi\u00fain ach mar scr\u00edn ar an Chreideamh. B\u00e1 l\u00e9ir gur theastaigh uaidh go\nnd\u00e9anfadh an cumann nua an rud c\u00e9anna in \u00c9irinn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                 \nNuair a bh\u00ed an leacht thart cuireadh Cumann na Sagart nGaedhealach ar bun go\nhoifigi\u00fail. Toghadh an tAth. S\u00e9amus Mac Leanach\u00e1in as D\u00fain agus Coinnire mar\nch\u00e9ad r\u00fana\u00ed n\u00e1isi\u00fanta agus an tAth. Padraig \u00d3 Conaill as fairche na M\u00ed mar\nchisteoir. Bh\u00ed ionada\u00ed \u00f3 gach fairche le bheith ar an choiste n\u00e1isi\u00fanta sin\ntimpeall 30 ar fad, ach mar a fheicimid ar ball, d\u2019fh\u00e1n a bhformh\u00f3r ar ph\u00e1ip\u00e9ar\namh\u00e1in.<\/p>\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n

      Sagairt\nild\u00e1nach a bh\u00ed sna ch\u00e9ad oifigigh sin ar Chumann na Sagart nGaedhealach. Bhain\nan tAth. de Bh\u00e1l docht\u00faireacht amach san fheals\u00fanacht. Chaith s\u00e9 blianta fada\nina shagart c\u00fanta i mDruim Collchoille agus ansin i bhFaing, agus beagnach sc\u00f3r\ngo leith bliain i ndeireadh a shaoil ina shagart par\u00f3iste agus ina Chan\u00f3nach i\nmBaile an Gharrdha. Ansn bh\u00ed s\u00e9 nuair a fuair se b\u00e1s i m\u00ed Feabhara 1956. N\u00edor\nbhuail m\u00e9 leis ach uair amh\u00e1in \u2013 sa bhliain 1945 \u2013 nuair a d\u2019\u00e9irigh liom dul\nchuig an Oireachtas, c\u00e9 go raibh m\u00e9 i mo mhac l\u00e9inn anseo san am. Fear ard\ns\u00e9imh caoinghl\u00f3rach a bh\u00ed ann, agus chaith s\u00e9 cuid mh\u00f3r den o\u00edche sin i\ngcuideachta Uachtar\u00e1n nua na h\u00c9ireann san am, Se\u00e1n T. \u00d3 Ceallaigh. Bliaian is\nfiche ina dhiaidh sin agus deich mbliain i ndiaidh a bh\u00e1is bhronn a chairde de\nphribhl\u00e9id orm an leacht a bh\u00ed t\u00f3gtha acu in \u00f3m\u00f3s d\u00f3 ar \u00c1ras \u00cdde i bhFaing a\nnochtadh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                 \nCasadh an ch\u00e9ad chisteoir – P\u00e1draig \u00d3 Conaill \u2013 orm uair amh\u00e1in fosta. Tar \u00e9is\nbeag\u00e1n bliain a chaitheamh ina mh\u00fainteoir i gCol\u00e1iste Fhion\u00e1in, an Muileann\ngCearr, chuaigh s\u00e9 isteach in Ord nua N. Columb\u00e1in agus chaith tamaill de\nbhlianta ag teagasc i bP\u00e1irc Dealgan. Tar \u00e9is tr\u00e9imhse thar lear d\u2019fhill s\u00e9 ar\n\u00c9irinn agus chaith blianta deiridh a shaoil ag foilsi\u00fa leabhra\u00ed m\u00f3r l\u00e9annta ar\nan \u00e9abhl\u00f3id. D\u2019\u00e9ag s\u00e9 ina shean\u00f3ir i Nebraska, 31 Bealtaine 1971. N\u00edor bhuail\nm\u00e9 riamh leis an ch\u00e9ad r\u00fana\u00ed, S\u00e9amus Mac Leanach\u00e1in, c\u00e9 go raibh aithne mhaith\nagam ar a shearthair Seoirse. Chaith S\u00e9amus fiche bliain i gCol\u00e1iste\nMaolmhaodh\u00f3g, B\u00e9al Feirste, agus na blianta deiridh mar S.P., Mgr. agus V.G. i\nnD\u00fan agus Coinnire. D\u2019\u00e9ag s\u00e9 i m\u00ed na Samhna 1940.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                 \nAg cruinni\u00fa den choiste i mBaile \u00c1tha Cliath ar an 3 Ean\u00e1ir 1917 ceapadh\nbunreacht don chumann nua agus glacadh leis ag ollchruinni\u00fa an Chumainn in\noifig\u00ed Chonradh na Gaeilge, 25 Cearn\u00f3g Pharnaill, Baile \u00c1tha Cliath, ar an 20\u00fa\nMeitheamh 1917. Dh\u00e1 saghas comhalta a cheadh sa chumann de r\u00e9ir Bunreachta:<\/p>\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n

      1. Sagairt a bh\u00ed in ann gn\u00f3 an\n chreidim a dh\u00e9anamh tr\u00ed Ghaeilge agus<\/li>
      2. Sagairt a bh\u00ed toilteanach\n cabhr\u00fa le hobair an Chumainn. C\u00faig scilling an s\u00ednti\u00fas bliana agus\n choinnigh an chraobh \u00e1iti\u00fail a leath.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Bh\u00ed\ncoiste an-mh\u00f3r le roghn\u00fa \u2013 leasuachtar\u00e1n as gach c\u00faige, sagart as gach fairche\nagus gach ord, 4 as Maigh Nuad agus 4 as Baile \u00c1tha Cliath agus 6 comhthoighte,\nsin timpeall 60 ar fad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                   \nIs beag a chualathas faoin chumann ar feadh bliana ina dhiaidh sin. \u201cCaithfidh\nan cumann teacht amach as an dorchadas\u201d, a scr\u00edobh sagart ar The Leader <\/em>17\nL\u00fanasa 1918. Chonacthas do na baill gurbh \u00e9 an bealach a b\u2019\u00e9ifeachta\u00ed le teacht\namach as an dorchadas n\u00e1 tr\u00e9imhseach\u00e1n d\u00e1 gcuid f\u00e9in a fhoilsi\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        1. III.\u201cAN S\u00cdOLAD\u00d3IR\u201d<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          I m\u00ed I\u00fail\n1920 foils\u00edodh an ch\u00e9ad uimhir de r\u00e1itheach\u00e1n nua an Chumainn, An S\u00edolad\u00f3ir<\/em>,\nar 2\/6 ch\u00f3ip. Bh\u00ed litreacha molta agus taca\u00edochta \u00f3 sheisear den Chliarlathas i\ngcl\u00f3 sa dara huimhir, an t-ioml\u00e1n acu i mB\u00e9arla. Scr\u00edobh an Cairdin\u00e9al \u00d3\nMaolmhaodh\u00f3g; \u201cI have no doubt it would contribute largely to the spread and\nuse of the language, especially in Irish-speaking districts.\u201d Ach aisteach go\nleor is i mB\u00e9arla a scr\u00edobh s\u00e9, c\u00e9 gur ar imeall na Gaeltachta i dT\u00edr Chonaill\na t\u00f3gadh \u00e9 agus go mb\u00edodh s\u00e9 ina mh\u00fainteoir Gaeilge i Maigh Nuad. I mB\u00e9arla a\nscr\u00edobh an tEaspag Mag Ruair\u00ed chomh maith, Cairdin\u00e9al n\u00edos d\u00e9ana\u00ed. N\u00ed hiontas\nliom sin, mar n\u00ed raibh ach beag\u00e1n abairt\u00ed i nGaeilge aige, c\u00e9 go raibh s\u00e9\niontach b\u00e1i\u00fail leis an teanga mar a chonaic m\u00e9 f\u00e9in go minic le linn m\u2019\u00f3ige.\nTeachtaireacht mhisnigh a sheol s\u00e9<\/p>\n\n\n

          <\/p>\n\n\n

          It borders on the heroic to attempt to start a\nmagazine at the present, when the cost of paper and labour is so great; but as\nagainst this, thank God, you have at your back a national spirit that has risen\nfar more in the last four or five years that even the cost of printing<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          An tAth.\nRiste\u00e1rd Pl\u00e9imionn, sagart c\u00fanta i Rae an Iarthair san am, a bh\u00ed mar eagarth\u00f3ir\nar An S\u00edolad\u00f3ir<\/em>. Is cuimhim liom go maith sna daicheada\u00ed \u00e9 nuair a bh\u00ed\ns\u00e9 ina shagart par\u00f3iste i R\u00e1th Maonais. Fear righin l\u00e1idir \u00e9 agus is minic \u00e9 ag\ntroma\u00edocht ar neamhshuim na cl\u00e9ire agus ar \u00fas\u00e1id an Bh\u00e9arla ag Sagairt sa\nGhaeltacht. T\u00e1 n\u00f3ta B\u00e9arla aige sa ch\u00e9ad uimhir, mar shampla;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          We have seen it stated by a writer in a provincial\npaper that in many parishes (names given) with which he was acquainted there\nhas not been sermon in Irish or the past twenty years, though 90% of the people\nuse the Irish language. The Cumann na Sagart must see to it that this state of\naffairs is ended.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Sin \u00e9 a\nch\u00e9ad uair, d\u00e1lta an sc\u00e9il, a chonaic me tagairt do Chumann na Sagart (n\u00ed\nCumann na Sagart nGaedhealach). Luaigh an t-eagarth\u00f3ir gur ceapadh an tAth. Mac\nLeanach\u00e1in ina uachtar\u00e1n ar Chol\u00e1iste Maolmhaodh\u00f3g, B\u00e9al Feirste, agus ar an\n\u00e1bhar sin go raibh air \u00e9ir\u00ed as bheith ina r\u00fana\u00ed, agus thug s\u00e9 ard mholadh d\u00f3:\n\u201cWe venture to say that there would be no Cumann na Sagart nGaedhealach in\nexistence\u2026\u2026..but for his strenuous and unremitting labours\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                     \nD\u2019fh\u00e1g an t-athr\u00fa sin uachtar\u00e1n agus r\u00fana\u00ed nua ar an Chumann \u2013 Risteard\nPl\u00e9imionn mar uachtar\u00e1n chomh maith le bheith ina eagarth\u00f3ir ar An S\u00edolad\u00f3ir<\/em>\nagus Uait\u00e9ar Mac D\u00f3naill, sagart eile de chuid Bhaile \u00c1tha Cliath, ina r\u00fana\u00ed.\nTugadh moladh ar leith do na fairch\u00ed, Tuaim agus D\u00fan is Coinnire. Agus i measc\nna s\u00ednti\u00fas\u00f3ir in uimhir na Nollag feiceann t\u00fa ainm Eric Mhic Fhinn, laoch eile\nde chuid an chumainn at\u00e1 beo go f\u00f3ill agus \u00e9 timpeall n\u00f3cha bliain d\u2019aois. Sa\nch\u00e9ad uimhir eile a d\u2019fhoilsigh s\u00e9 a ch\u00e9ad alt ins An S\u00edolad\u00f3i<\/em>r faoi Navigatio\nSti Brendani<\/em>; bh\u00ed s\u00e9 ag scr\u00edobh ins An Sagart<\/em> n\u00edos m\u00f3 n\u00e1 caoga\nbliain ina dhiaidh sin, fad d\u00edlseachta nach s\u00e1r\u00f3far go deo.<\/p>\n\n\n

          <\/p>\n\n\n

                     \nA fhad is mhair An S\u00edolad\u00f3ir<\/em> n\u00edl deacracht ar bith againn a dh\u00e9anamh\namach cad iad na fairch\u00ed a bh\u00ed gn\u00edomhach i gCumainn na Sagart agus na fairch\u00ed a\nbh\u00ed ina dtost. Seachas Fearna, Tuaim agus D\u00fan an Coinnire, bh\u00ed Baile \u00c1tha\nCliath, Ciarra\u00ed, Port L\u00e1irge, Luimneach, Caiseal agus Ros go maith. F\u00f3gra\u00edodh\nin uimhir an Fh\u00f3mhair 1921 go raibh craobh nua \u00e1 cur ar bun i bhfairche Dhoire\nagus n\u00edos m\u00f3 n\u00e1 tr\u00edocha ball ann, agus craobh curtha ar bun i gCill Dara faoi\nsti\u00far\u00fa an tAth. Liam Miller, \u201cLe teacht na s\u00edoch\u00e1na\u201d, a deir an t-eagarth\u00f3ir,\n\u201cbeimid ag s\u00fail le craobh den chumann i nach fairche\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                     \nIn uimhir na Nollag 1921 a sroiseadh barr buaiche an Chumainn ina r\u00e9 tosaigh,\ndar liom. Bh\u00ed an Dr. \u00c9amon \u00d3 Broim tar \u00e9is teacht i gcomharbas ar an Dr. Liam\nBreathnach mar Ardeaspag ar Bhaile \u00c1tha Cliath. Foils\u00edodh an dileagra \u00f3n chl\u00e9ir\nagus \u00f3 Chomhairle na cathrach don Ardeaspag nua agus a fhreagra i ngach c\u00e1s. I\nnGaeilge amh\u00e1in a bh\u00ed na c\u00e1ip\u00e9is\u00ed ar fad. Bh\u00ed cuntas ar chruinni\u00fa cinn bhliana\nan Chumainn ar 20\u00fa Deireadh F\u00f3mhair 1921. Chuaigh an tEaspag \u00d3 D\u00f3naill i\ngceannas an chruinnithe; bh\u00ed timpeall 20 sagart i l\u00e1thair, a mbun\u00fas \u00f3 Bhaile\n\u00c1tha Cliath; ach ba \u00e9 an nuacht a b\u2019fhearr a chuala siad go raibh m\u00e9ad\u00fa m\u00f3r\ntagtha ar bhallra\u00edocht an chumainn \u00f3 240 i 1920 go dt\u00ed 407 i 1921. Seachas na\ndeois\u00ed at\u00e1 luaite agam cheana, bh\u00ed Ard Achaidh tar \u00e9is teacht ar aghaidh go\ntapa chun bheith ar an deoise ba l\u00e1idre i gC\u00faige Ard Mhacha agus bh\u00ed bogadh\n\u00e9igin i gCorcaigh. Ach go f\u00f3ill f\u00e9in n\u00ed raibh ach s\u00e9 n\u00edre (na seanchinn), agus\nCill Dara, Doire agus Baile \u00c1tha Cliath (na cinn nua). Comhalta\u00ed aonar\u00e1nacha a\nbh\u00ed sna fairch\u00ed eile, gan craobh \u00e1iti\u00fail ag obair iontu. Mhair an laige sin san\nChumann anuas go dt\u00ed an l\u00e1 inniu. Ach bh\u00ed an tUachtar\u00e1n ag s\u00fail go mbeadh m\u00e9ad\u00fa\nm\u00f3r feasta de bhr\u00ed go raibh an ts\u00edoch\u00e1in i r\u00e9im athuair.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          1. IV.MEATH AGUS ATHFH\u00c1S<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n

            <\/p>\n\n\n

            Ba bheag\na chiall, faraor. Is \u00e9 an ch\u00e9ad uimhir eile de An S\u00edolad\u00f3ir<\/em> an ceann\ndeireanach. An nao\u00fa huimhir at\u00e1 ann, t\u00fas leis an tri\u00fa bliain agus Samhradh 1922\nmarc\u00e1ilte air. Ach n\u00ed d\u00f3cha go dt\u00e1inig se amach go dt\u00ed i bhfad ina dhiaidh sin.\nFaoi shamhradh 1922 bh\u00ed cogadh na mBr\u00e1thar faoi l\u00e1nseol agus is \u00e9 an 3\u00fa Samhain\n1922 at\u00e1 ar an Imprimi Potest. <\/em>\u00d3n am sin amach bh\u00ed An S\u00edolad\u00f3ir<\/em>\nmarbh, agus n\u00edor mhair an cumann i bhfad ina dhiaidh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                       \nIs beag an chualathas \u00f3 Chumann na Sagart nGaedhealach ina dhiaidh sin ar feadh\ncorradh le deich mbliain. Bhuail an cogadh Cathardha buille uaf\u00e1sach ar\nghluaiseacht na Gaeilge I gcoitinne agus thit na sc\u00f3rtha craobh de Chonradh na\nGaeilge as a ch\u00e9ile i 1922 agus 1923. Bh\u00ed an sc\u00e9al c\u00e9anna le hinsint faoin\nGhaeilge i Maigh Nuad. M\u00e1 amharcann t\u00fa ar Irishleabhar Muighe Nuadhat<\/em>\n1924, castar tagairt ort go tapa don lagthr\u00e1 a bh\u00ed tagtha i r\u00e9im sa chol\u00e1iste:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Is l\u00e9ir go bhfuil meath tahaithe ar an spiorad sa\ntoigh seo. N\u00ed h\u00e9 sin amh\u00e1in, ach is beag n\u00e1 go bhfuil an spiorad imithe ar fad.\nAn neamhshuim do cuireadh ar siubhal in \u00c9irinn uilig beagnach, bh\u00ed s\u00ed f\u00f3s i\nmbun na faillighe i Maigh Nuadhat<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Mhar an\nsuan sin sa chuid is m\u00f3 den t\u00edr ar feadh c\u00faig bhliain d\u00e9ag go garbh, \u00f3 1923 go\n1938, ach l\u00e9irigh c\u00fapla fairche beocht \u00e9igin roimhe sin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                       \nI Luimneach agus i gCiarra\u00ed a th\u00e1inig an athmh\u00fascailt i dt\u00fas ama. D\u2019fh\u00e1g s\u00e9 sin\ngo raibh craobhacha ann ar feadh dorn\u00e1n bliain de chumann n\u00e1r athbhuna\u00edodh ar\nbhonn n\u00e1isi\u00fanta go f\u00f3ill. An tAth. Tom\u00e1s de Bh\u00e1l a d\u2019atheagraigh an chraobh i\nLuimneach agus d\u2019fhreastail 26 sagart ar an chruinni\u00fa tionscnaimh a ghairm s\u00e9\nin \u00d3st\u00e1n de Cr\u00fais i 1929. \u00d3n bhliain sin ar aghaidh bh\u00ed dream sagairt ag teacht\nle ch\u00e9ile i bhfairche Luimn\u00ed go rialta agus ghlac siad de dhualgas orthu f\u00e9in\nna paidreacha tar \u00e9is Aifrinn a r\u00e1 i nGaeilge gach Domhnach, seanm\u00f3ir Gaeilge a\nthabhairt l\u00e1 Fh\u00e9ile P\u00e1draig ar a laghad agus iomainn Ghaeilge a bheith \u00e1\ngcanadh ag c\u00f3racha faoina sti\u00fair. Thion\u00f3ilt\u00ed cruinni\u00fa ginear\u00e1lta dh\u00e1 uair sa\nbhliain, san Earrach n\u00f3 san Fh\u00f3mhar, agus bh\u00edodh l\u00e9acht n\u00f3 dinn\u00e9ar ann ar an\n\u00f3c\u00e1id sin. Bh\u00edodh tr\u00ed n\u00f3 ceithre mionchruinni\u00fa in aghaidh na bliana chomh\nmaith, nuair a thigeadh dream beag sagart le ch\u00e9ile i dteach duine acu chun\nb\u00e9ile agus caidrimh tr\u00ed Ghaeilge. Measaim gurbh \u00ed an sc\u00e9im scol\u00e1ireachta\u00ed chun\nna Gaeltachta do \u00e1bhair sagairt a bhunaigh craobh Luimn\u00ed i 1946 an tionscnamh\nba mh\u00f3 rath a chuir an chraobh i gcr\u00edch. I mBaile na nGall a bhaineadh siad\nf\u00fathu i dt\u00fas ama, ach \u00f3n uair ga t\u00f3gadh Br\u00fa na Gr\u00e1ige, thosaigh siad ag dul\nsiar ansin in \u00e9ineacht le slua an tAth. Tadhg \u00d3 Murch\u00fa. D\u2019fh\u00e1n an Ath. De Bh\u00e1l\nina uachtar\u00e1n ar Chraobh Luimn\u00ed go dt\u00ed 1950.<\/p>\n\n\n

            <\/p>\n\n\n

                       \nDeir muintir Chiarra\u00ed liom nach fada a bh\u00ed siad chun deiridh ar Luimneach in\nathbhun\u00fa an Chumainn \u2013 mar sin f\u00e9in, n\u00ed d\u00f3igh liom gur tion\u00f3ladh an cruinni\u00fa\nathbheochana i dTr\u00e1 L\u00ed go dt\u00ed Me\u00e1n Fh\u00f3mhair 1936. Beirt shagart a ba chiontach\nleis an athbheochan n\u00ed amh\u00e1in i bhfairche Chiarra\u00ed ach ar fud na t\u00edre ar ball:\nAn tAth Roibeard Breathnach, S.P. Cnoc na gCaiseal agus an tAth. Liam \u00d3\nFearghusa, S.P. Beal \u00c1tha Longfoirt, Moladh le Dia go bhfuil an tAth.\nBreathnach beo beatha\u00edoch agus i mbun a ch\u00faraim go f\u00f3ill \u2013 gura fada buan i\nmbarr na sl\u00e1inte \u00e9. Cheili\u00faraigh se seasca bliain sagartachta anuraidh. S\u00edlim\ngo mba dheas an \u00e9 teachtaireacht dea-mh\u00e1ine a chur chuige \u00f3n chruinni\u00fa seo den\nchumann a d\u2019athbhunaigh s\u00e9 caoga \u00f3 shin. Beidh \u00e1thas air a fh\u00e1il amach nach\nbhfuil a chuimhne ligthe chun dearmaid tar \u00e9is an leithch\u00e9ad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                       \nB\u00e1 \u00e9 an tAth. Liam \u00d3 Fearghusa a toghadh ina uachtar\u00e1n ar Chraobh Chiarra\u00ed agus\nmhair s\u00e9 sa phost sin ar feadh corradh agus fiche bliain. Bh\u00ed cos\u00falacht mh\u00f3r\nidir an cl\u00e1r bliant\u00fail a chuireadh siad i gcr\u00edch i gCiarra\u00ed agus cl\u00e1r craoibhe\nLuimn\u00ed, i.e. m\u00f3rchruinni\u00fa uair n\u00f3 dh\u00f3 sa bhliain, san earrach agus san fh\u00f3mhar,\nag a leit\u00ed p\u00e1ip\u00e9ar agus d\u00edosp\u00f3ireacht ina dhiaidh; foils\u00edodh leabhr\u00e1n den\nleagan caighde\u00e1nach de na gn\u00e1thphaidreacha do na scoileanna, agus bhronnta\u00ed\ndeontais ar na h\u00e1bhair sagart a bh\u00edodh ag dul \u00f3 Br\u00fa na Gr\u00e1ige. Fuair muintir\nChiarra\u00ed amach go raibh craobh de Chumann na Sagart nGaedhealach beo i\nbhfairche amh\u00e1in san Iarthar agus sa Tuaisceart agus d\u00e1 bhr\u00ed sin lorg an tAth.\n\u00d3 Fearghusa cead ar R\u00fana\u00ed Aontas Mhaigh Nuad, an Dr. Miche\u00e1l de Br\u00fan, ceist\nc\u00f3nasctha eatarthu a th\u00f3g\u00e1il ag an ch\u00e9ad chruinni\u00fa eile den Aontas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                       \nSin mar a bh\u00ed an sc\u00e9al nuair a th\u00e1inig Aontas Mhaigh Nuad le ch\u00e9ile sa\nChol\u00e1iste 22\u00fa Meitheamh 1937. L\u00e9igh an tAth. Miche\u00e1l Murchada as Baile \u00c1tha\nCliath p\u00e1ip\u00e9ar fada i nGaeilge dar teideal \u201c F\u00e1s an Dr\u00e1ma in \u00c9irinn\u201d agus an\nDr. Padraig de Br\u00fan sa chathaoir don \u00f3c\u00e1id. Nuair a bh\u00ed \u00e1bhar an ph\u00e1ip\u00e9ir\nc\u00edortha ag an lucht \u00e9isteachta, mhol an tAth. Liam \u00d3 Fearghuasa na craobhacha\n\u00e1iti\u00fala den chl\u00e9ir Ghaelach a cheangal le ch\u00e9ile. \u201cBu\u00edochas le Dia\u201d, ar\nseiseanm \u201ct\u00e1 Cumann na Sagart nGaolach ar si\u00fal cheanna f\u00e9in agus na hEaspaig\nina bp\u00e1tr\u00fanaibh aige i Luimneach, in Ailfionn, i nD\u00fan is Coinnire, i gCiarra\u00ed\nagus b\u2019fh\u00e9idir i bhfaircheacha eile nach eol dom. Ba mhaith an n\u00ed a leith\u00e9id de\nchumann do bheith ins gach uile fhairche in \u00c9irinn agus dar liomsa s\u00e9 an tsl\u00ed\nis fearr chun \u00e9 sin do dh\u00e9anamh n\u00e1 comhairle n\u00e1isi\u00fanta Chumainn an Sagairt\nnGaolach do chur ar bun ar n\u00f3s Comhairle N\u00e1isi\u00fanta de Chuallacht an Athar\nMaiti\u00fa\u2026..Da bhr\u00ed sin molaim mar r\u00fan don chruinni\u00fa seo comhairle n\u00e1isi\u00fanta\nChumainn na Sagart nGaolach do chur ar bhun, n\u00f3 d\u2019aithbheochaint, mar cuireadh\nar bun anseo cheana f\u00e9in, t\u00e1 fiche bliain \u00f3 shin\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n

            <\/p>\n\n\n

                       \nChuidigh an tAth. Seamus Mac Leanach\u00e1in as D\u00fan is Coinnire leis an r\u00fan, an\nsagart c\u00e9anna a bh\u00ed mar ch\u00e9ad r\u00fana\u00ed ar an tsean chumann sc\u00f3r bliain roimhe sin,\nagus glacadh leis d\u2019aon ghuth. Ansin toghadh coiste sealadach mar leanas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Uachtar\u00e1n:<\/em> An Dr. Padraig de Br\u00fan, Maigh\nNuad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Ceathrar\nLeasuachtar\u00e1in<\/em>: S\u00e9amus\nMac Leanach\u00e1in (C.Ard Mhacha), Miche\u00e1l \u00d3 Murchadha (C. Bhaile \u00c1tha Cliath),\nPadraig \u00d3 N\u00e9ill \u00f3 Luimneach (C. Mumhan), Tom\u00e1s \u00d3 Math\u00fana \u00d3 Ailfionn (C.\nConnacht)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            R\u00fana\u00ed-Cisteoir<\/em>: Liam \u00d3 Fearghusa \u00f3 Chiarra\u00ed<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Nuair a\nth\u00e1inig an coiste le ch\u00e9ile i ndiaidh scaipeadh an tslua, leag siad amach an\nBunreacht nua. F\u00e1gadh cusp\u00f3ir an chumainn an-leathan:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u201cAn Ghaedhilg do chur chun cinn chomh maith agus is\nf\u00e9idir \u00e9 i gc\u00farsa\u00ed creidimh is eile. N\u00ed m\u00f3r do gach craoibh riaghalacha f\u00e9\nleith do dh\u00e9anamh i gcomhair a comhalta\u00ed f\u00e9in san rud seo.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

            <\/p>\n\n\n

            Ceangla\u00edodh\nar gach craobh dh\u00e1 scilling ar son gach comhalta a dh\u00edol leis an Chomhairle\nN\u00e1isi\u00fanta ma sh\u00ednti\u00fas bliana agus cl\u00e1r oiri\u00fanach a shol\u00e1thar do na baill. N\u00ed\nc\u00f3ir aon teanga ach Gaeilge a bheith ar si\u00fal ag na cruinnithe. \u201cNa heaspaig go\nl\u00e9ir at\u00e1 toilteanach, bheadh siad ina bp\u00e1tr\u00fanaibh ag an gCumann\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                       \nI bhf\u00f3mhar na bliana sin scr\u00edobhadh chuig na heaspaig ag lorg a bp\u00e1tr\u00fanachta\nagus thoiligh duine is fiche as ochtar easpag is fiche bheith ina bpatr\u00fain. An\nrud is m\u00f3 a thugann t\u00fa faoi deara faoi na litreacha a th\u00e1inig ar ais uathu, gur\ni nGaeilge a bh\u00ed siad ar fad, murab ionann agus litreacha 1920. Is fi\u00fa c\u00fapla\nceann acu a l\u00e9amh:<\/p>\n\n\n

            <\/p>\n\n\n

            An\nCairdin\u00e9al Mac Ruair\u00ed:<\/em> Mar fhreagra don litir uait a th\u00e1inig ind\u00e9, is maith lena Shoilse a r\u00e1\nleat n\u00e1 saoileann (s\u00e9) go bhfuil s\u00e9 oireamhnach d\u00f3 bheith ina phatr\u00fan ah Cumann\nna Sagart nGaedhealach agus gan aon Ghaoluinne aige f\u00e9in. Ach \u00f3ir iarann t\u00fa air\n\u00e9, t\u00e1 s\u00e9 toilteanach le bheith \u2018na Phatr\u00fan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            S. \u00d3 Donnghaile, R\u00fan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            An Dr. P\u00e1draig \u00d3 Cathasaigh Easpag Rois (Ros\nAilithir):<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Ag\ntagairt don gCumann \u00fad \u2013 is br\u00e9an liom an focal \u00fad \u201cPatron\u201d T\u00e1 baadh gallda as\nagus go deimhin n\u00edl ann ach c\u00fais gh\u00e1ire agus mhagaidh, f\u00e9 mar a chidhtear sa\nph\u00e1ip\u00e9ar ur dhein \u201cColonel\u201d den \u201cDuchess of York\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n

            <\/p>\n\n\n

            Cad\nchuige na patr\u00fain? Cad is gadh leo? Cad is ceaptha dh\u00f3ibh le d\u00e9anamh?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            N\u00ed mian\nliom bheith am\u2019 cheap mhagaidh d\u2019einne agus d\u00e1 brigh sin, n\u00e1 d\u00e9antar patr\u00fan\nd\u00edom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Is maith\nan rud \u00e9 an Cumann agus t\u00e1 s\u00fail agam go n-\u00e9ireochaidh leis, ach gan bac le\np\u00e1tr\u00fain\u00ed<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Tuaim (an d\u00e1 Ghualainn)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Chuir m\u00e9\nan cheist \u00fad faoi Chumainn na Sagart nGaeghealach faoi bhr\u00e1ghaid an Ard Easpaig\nach n\u00ed raibh s\u00e9 s\u00e1sta cead a thabhairt dom craobh a bhunughadh gan c\u00f3ip den\nbhunreacht a fh\u00e1il uait i dtosach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                       \nSagart a bh\u00ed i l\u00e1thair ag an ch\u00e9ad chruinni\u00fa eile, d\u00fairt se liom gur l\u00e9igh an\ntAth. \u00d3 Fearghusa an freagra sin amach is ard agus ansin gur dh\u00fairt s\u00e9 \u201cMaise\nn\u00ed Tadhg an d\u00e1 thaobh go Tuaim an d\u00e1 Ghualainn\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            1. V.AN CHL\u00c9IR<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              \u00d3 tharla\nan cumann ar a bhonna\u00ed athuair socra\u00edodh go gcuirf\u00ed iris bhliant\u00fail amach, agus\nfoils\u00edodh an ch\u00e9ad uimhir de An Chl\u00e9ir<\/em> i ndeireadh 1938. Is iontach an\nfoinse eolais \u00ed ar imeachta\u00ed Chumann na Sagart sna tr\u00edochaid\u00ed, agus de bhr\u00ed go\nbhfuil sc\u00e9al an tAth. U\u00ed Fhearghusa ar gach leathanach, t\u00e1 s\u00e9 an-ionraice,\nan-oscailte agus in \u00e1iteanna an-ghreannmhar, Tugann s\u00e9 cuntas ar imeachta\u00ed agus\nar bhallra\u00edocht an chumainn \u00f3 fhairche go fairche, agus ar an chruinni\u00fa\nbhliant\u00fail san Aula i Maigh Nuad, 21 Meitheamh 1938. Is beag n\u00e1r ceada\u00edodh don\nchumann an cruinni\u00fa seo a thion\u00f3l ann ar chor ar bith mar bh\u00ed eagla ar lucht an\nAontais go raibh saghas \u201cTake-over\u201d ar chruinni\u00fa Gaeilge an Aontais ar si\u00fal ag\nan chumann. D\u00e1 bhr\u00ed sin scr\u00edobh r\u00fana\u00ed an Aontais: \u201cn\u00edorbh fhol\u00e1ir cathaoileach\nnuadh do thoghadh, n\u00f3, ar an gcuid is lugha dhe, an cathaoirleach c\u00e9adna ach \u00e9\nbheith formaliter distinctus\u201d. <\/em>F\u00e1g faoi lucht an dl\u00ed chan\u00f3nda \u00e9; P\u00e1draig\n\u00d3 N\u00e9ill, an Leasuachtar\u00e1n agus Easpag Luimn\u00ed ar ball scr\u00edobh an m\u00e9id sin.\nEisean a l\u00e9igh p\u00e1ip\u00e9ar Gaeilge an Aontais ar \u201cCosg na hOibre ar an nDomhnach\u201d;\nnuair a bh\u00ed an d\u00edosp\u00f3ireacht ar an ph\u00e1ip\u00e9ar thart, d\u2019fhag an l\u00e9achta\u00ed mar aon\nleis an chathaoirleach, an tOllamh \u00d3 Fall\u00fainm an st\u00e1itse agus chuaigh an Dr.\nP\u00e1draig de Br\u00fan agus an tAth. \u00d3 Fearghusa i gceannas. Deir s\u00e9 go raibh c\u00fapla\nc\u00e9ad sagart i l\u00e1thair. M\u00e1s cruinn an comhaireamh sin, caithfidh se gurbh \u00e9 sin\nan tion\u00f3l ba mh\u00f3 d\u00e1 raibh ag Cumann na Sagart riamh. Bh\u00ed suas le 150 sagart i\nl\u00e1thair ag cruinni\u00fa bliant\u00fail 1959 nuair a bh\u00ed an tUachtar\u00e1n \u00c9amon de Velera\nmar aoi om\u00f3rach againn, agus sin an slua is m\u00f3 d\u00e1 bhfaca m\u00e9 le mo linn f\u00e9in.\nTosa\u00edonn an r\u00fana\u00ed a chuntas ar an chruinni\u00fa le faoistin:<\/p>\n\n\n

              <\/p>\n\n\n

              \u201cI dtosach na hoibre do dhein an tArdr\u00fana\u00ed bot\u00fan\nm\u00f3r. Bh\u00ed leathanaigh an Chl\u00e1ir Oibre\u2026..greamuighthe le cheile aige le bior\u00e1n.\nDo thug s\u00e9 do ch\u00fapla leanbh scoile iad chun c\u00f3ip eile do dh\u00e9anamh d\u00edobh\u2026\u2026.nuair\na bh\u00ed a gcuid oibre cr\u00edochnaithe aca, n\u00ed le ch\u00e9ile ach tr\u00e9 ch\u00e9ile a cuireadh\niad\u2026.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Nochtanna\nan r\u00fana\u00ed go raibh craobh den chumann buanaithe anois in 18 deois\u00ed as 27 cinn in\n\u00c9irinn, i.e. dh\u00e1 thrian. N\u00ed raibh craobh ar bith i gClochar n\u00e1 i nDoire sa\nTuaisceart, rud is aisteach liom mar bh\u00ed a l\u00e1n Gaeilgeoir\u00ed sa d\u00e1 fhairche san\nam (ach is cos\u00fail gur breoiteacht an r\u00fana\u00ed \u00e1iti\u00fail a ba chionta\u00ed): n\u00ed raibh\ncraobh i bhFearna, Osra\u00ed, Cill Da Lua, Port L\u00e1irge, Ros, Tuaim n\u00e1 Cill Ala.\nMaidir leis na hOird, mha\u00edgh an r\u00fana\u00ed go raibh craobh bunaithe in dh\u00e1 dtrian\nacu mar an gc\u00e9anna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              F\u00e1gadh an\ncathaoirleach agus an r\u00fana\u00ed mar a bh\u00ed siad, ach cuireadh an tAth. S\u00e9amus \u00d3\nBriain \u00f3 Chill Dara ar an choiste mar ionada\u00ed \u00f3 Ch\u00faige Laighean agus \u00e1r\nseanchara an tAth. Tom\u00e1s de Bh\u00e1l, mar ionada\u00ed \u00f3 Ch\u00faige Mumhan. Toghadh an tAth.\nSe\u00e1n Mac Guairem C.SS.R., an tAth. Aibhist\u00edn \u00d3 Murchadha, C.M., agus an tAth.\nMartan \u00d3 Mathghamhna, C.S.Sp. mar theachta\u00ed \u00f3 na hOird. T\u00e1 cuid de na cuntais \u00f3\nna craobhacha \u00e1iti\u00fala bar\u00fail go maith:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00d3 Dhroim M\u00f3r:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              N\u00edl R\u00fanaidhne ar bith ag an Easbog ach thug an\ntEaspog f\u00e9in do litreacha damh-sa tamaill maith \u00f3 shoin. Go dt\u00ed sin n\u00edor\nchualaidh sinn i nDruim Mh\u00f3r a dhath f\u00e1 thaobh de \u2018Cumann na Sagart\nnGaedhealach\u2019. N\u00edl craobh againn go f\u00f3ill, ach mar \u201cis leor sagart amh\u00e1in mar\nchraobh\u201d. Cuirfidh mise an tAth. Tom\u00e1s \u00d3 Cearbhaill\u2026..t\u00fas ar an obair\u2026.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00d3 Phort L\u00e1irge<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u201cIs oth liom a r\u00e1dh\u2026 gur theip orm an chroabh a\nbhunughadh. Dream do-bhogtha na sagairt seo againne.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Sa chuntas \u00f3 Chiarra\u00ed t\u00e1 cur s\u00edos ar stair na\ncraoibhe \u00f3 athbhuna\u00edodh \u00ed 1 1936 \u00ed ag an dinn\u00e9ar i dTr\u00e1 L\u00ed.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

              <\/p>\n\n\n

              \u201cAg an ndinn\u00e9ar bh\u00ed an cl\u00e1r b\u00eddh i mB\u00e9arla agus\nchuir comhalta na choinnibh. Do mhol se don chruinni\u00fa gan an dinn\u00e9ar do\nchaitheamh in aon chor mar gheall ar an bhfaillighe seo, ach n\u00edor cualathas \u00e9.\nBh\u00ed an chuid eile r\u00f3-gn\u00f3thach\u201d. (Is d\u00f3cha, d\u00e1lta N.Eoin ag cur s\u00edos air f\u00e9in\nina Shoisc\u00e9al f\u00e9in, gurbh \u00e9 an tAth. \u00d3 Fearghusa f\u00e9in a th\u00f3g an cheist)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00e1 cur s\u00edos ann ar chom\u00f3rtas sp\u00e9isi\u00fail I measc na\ncl\u00e9ire in gCiarra\u00ed I 1938:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u201cAg an st\u00e1isi\u00fain generalta indiu in Eadarghobhail\nbh\u00ed com\u00f3rtas idir an Ath. Cathal \u00d3 Suilleabh\u00e1in agus sagart eile, san leabhar,\n\u2018An tOileanach\u2019. Is iongantach an Gaedheal an Ath. Cathal agus 64 blianta\nd\u2019aois aige\u2026..t\u00e1 \u2018An tOile\u00e1nach\u2019 l\u00e9ighte aige anois dh\u00e1 uair deag! T\u00e1 an sagart\neile ag imirt leis an nHaoluinn\u2026.le dachad bliadhain nach m\u00f3r, ach n\u00ed raibh \u2018An\ntOileanach\u2019 l\u00e9ighte aige ach dh\u00e1 uair\u2026..ochtar sagart i l\u00e1thair\u2026\u2026\u2019na suidhne ar\nst\u00f3l fada in aice le cruaich mh\u00f3na. Tugadh tosach don tarna sagart\u2026\u2026 agus do\nchuaidh an tAth. Cathal ar ch\u00fal na cruaiche. Dubhairt an scr\u00fadaightheoir:\n\u2018foscail leathnach a 114, l\u00e9igh agus aistrigh ab mh\u00edr dheiridh\u2026.ina haistri\u00fa\ndh\u00f3 di ch\u00fal s\u00e9 on ch\u00e9ad abairt\u2026\u2026Annsan do ghlaodhadh an Ath Cathal \u00f3n taobh\neile den chruaich. Do l\u00e9igh se agus d\u2019aistrigh an mh\u00edr uile gan stad gan bharrathuisleadh.\nDo thug an scr\u00fadaighteoir a bhreitheamhntas\u2026.An Ath Cathal, 96 f\u00e9 ch\u00e9ad, an\nsagart 95 d\u00e9 ch\u00e9ad. Bualadh bas. Comhghairdeachas leis an Ath O Suilleabh\u00e1in.\nAn Sagart eile go gruamdha. Brat\u201d {Bh\u00ed saol simpl\u00ed ag an chl\u00e9ir san ainsir sin}<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Litir \u00f3 Chaiseal:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00d3s rud \u00e9 gur R\u00fanaidhne n\u00e1isi\u00fanta tusa, b\u2019fh\u00e9idir go\nmbeadh comhacht agat stop do chur leis an scrios seo \u2013 Cumann na Sagart\nnGaolach. Nach ceart tr\u00ed siolla\u00ed bheith sa bhfocal sin \u2013 mar Gaedhealach, agus\nnach m\u00f3r an deifridheacht at\u00e1 idir brigh an fhocail, Gaolach agus focal\nGaedhealach {Caithfidh gur lorg s\u00e9 an focal Gaolach i bhfocl\u00f3ir U\u00ed Dhuinn\u00edn,\n\u2018Sweetheart\u2019 an ch\u00e9ad mh\u00edni\u00fa a thugann s\u00e9}<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Cuntas an R\u00fana\u00ed n\u00e1isi\u00fanta ar Achadh Conaire:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              61 Sagart 3 comhalta \u2013 Liam Mac Philb\u00edn, Se\u00e1n\nBreathnach agus sagart eile nach cuimhim liom a ainm.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Ar feadh\nm\u2019eolais n\u00edor th\u00e1inig ach uimhir amh\u00e1in eile de An Chl\u00e9ir<\/em> amach (1939).\nN\u00edl s\u00ed ionchurtha \u00f3 thaobh eolais n\u00f3 sp\u00e9isi\u00falachta le huimhir 1938; liosta\u00ed\ntura s\u00ednti\u00fas\u00f3ir\u00ed is m\u00f3 at\u00e1 ann. Faoin am sin bh\u00ed t\u00fas curtha leis an Dara Cogadh\nDomhanda, cuireadh cosc ar thaisteal na ngluaiste\u00e1in agus d\u2019\u00e9irigh an p\u00e1ip\u00e9ar\ngann.<\/p>\n\n\n

              <\/p>\n\n\n

                         \nChuir na ruda\u00ed sin isteach go m\u00f3r ar phleananna an Ath. U\u00ed Fhearghusa, agus de\nr\u00e9ir a ch\u00e9ile dh\u00edrigh s\u00e9 ar Chiarra\u00ed n\u00edos m\u00f3 n\u00e1 ar an chuid eile den t\u00edr. Lean\ns\u00e9 ar aghaidh lena sheanm\u00f3ireacht dh\u00e1theangach, lena chluich\u00ed nuachumtha agus\nle go leor bearta pearsanta eile do deireadh a shaoil. Bh\u00ed s\u00e9 thar n\u00f3cha bliain\nd\u2019aois nuair a d\u2019eag s\u00e9 ar an 18\u00fa Nollaig 1971, l\u00e9iri\u00fa eile ar chomh \u201csaolach\u201d\nis a bh\u00ed seanfhund\u00f3ir\u00ed Chumann na Sagart, Go dtuga Dia luach saothair s\u00edora\u00ed\nd\u00f3ibh go l\u00e9ir ar neamh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                         \nGan An Chl\u00e9ir<\/em> mar fhoinse eolais, is doiligh bheith cinnte c\u00e9 mh\u00e9ad\nbeochta a d\u2019fh\u00e1n ina l\u00e1n de na craobhacha \u00e1iti\u00fala sna daicheada\u00ed. Bh\u00ed\ncraobhacha mat Chairra\u00ed, Cluain Feartam etc..a shol\u00e1thraigh c\u00fapla l\u00e9acht in\naghaidh na bliana I rith an chogaidh ar fad agus a lean ar aghaidh le cl\u00e1r\nspeisialta tr\u00ed na daicheada\u00ed is na saogada\u00ed. I gc\u00e1s a l\u00e1n craobhacha eile n\u00edor\nchiallaigh s\u00e9 ach go ndeachaigh sagart thart lelinn an Ch\u00farsa Spioradalta agus\ngur bhailigh se an s\u00ednti\u00fas bliana, c\u00faig scillig b\u2019fheidir, \u00f3 roinnt d\u00e1 chomhchl\u00e9ir\na bh\u00ed b\u00e1i\u00fail leis an teanga. Nuair a rinneadh an tOireachtas a athbheochan \u00f3\n1939 ar aghaidh, aistr\u00edodh cruinni\u00fa cinnbhliana Chumann na Sagart go haimsir an\nOireachtas agus is mar sin a bh\u00edodh s\u00e9 nuair a chur m\u00e9 eolas pearsanta air.\nRinne An tAth. Donnchadh \u00d3 Floinn an-iarracht le bru nua a chur ann go luath\nsna daicheada\u00ed agus an tAth. Aindrias Mac Aog\u00e1in, C.S.Sp. ina dhiaidh sin, ach\nbh\u00ed an cumann an-lag go luath sna caogada\u00ed. Chun a l\u00e9iri\u00fa daoibh caide chomh\nlag is a bh\u00ed s\u00e9, ainmn\u00edodh m\u00e9 f\u00e9in mar r\u00fana\u00ed ar an chumann ag an Oireachtas i\n1953 gan m\u00e9 a bhieth i l\u00e1thair ag an chruinni\u00fa agus tugadh mar dhualgas dom\ncraobh a bhun\u00fa i bhfairche \u00c1tha Cliath gan aithne agam san am ach ar ch\u00fapla\nsagart ar fad i mBaile \u00c1tha Cliath. N\u00edor tion\u00f3ladh cruinni\u00fa ar bhith den\nchoiste n\u00e1isi\u00fanta do dt\u00ed an ch\u00e9ad Oireachtas eile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              1. VI.LE GL\u00daIN ANUAS<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                Measaim\ngur don Ath. Eoghan \u00d3 Fr\u00edghil as fairche R\u00e1th Bhoth at\u00e1 an chreidi\u00faint ag dul\ngo dt\u00e1inig an cumann sl\u00e1n \u00f3n bh\u00e1s an uair \u00fad. Ceapadh ina r\u00fana\u00ed I 1954 \u00e9 faoi\nuachtar\u00e1nacht an Ath, Mhic Aog\u00e1in agus le litreacha agus cuirth\u00ed, agus l\u00e9acht\n\u00f3n Dr. Sean Mac C\u00e1rthaigh mar mhealladh breise, d\u2019eirigh leis cruinni\u00fa\nbliant\u00fail bre\u00e1 l\u00e1idir a thion\u00f3l le linn Oireachtas 1955. Nuair a bh\u00ed an l\u00e9acht\nthart, cuireadh m\u2019ainm chun tosaigh mar \u00e1bhar uachtar\u00e1in agus tar eis v\u00f3t\u00e1la\nfuair m\u00e9, m\u00e9 f\u00e9in sa chathaoir.<\/p>\n\n\n

                <\/p>\n\n\n

                N\u00edl s\u00e9 ar\nintinn agam cuntas a thabhairt daoibh inniu ar stair an chumainn le linn an\ndosaen bliain a bh\u00ed m\u00e9 mar uachtar\u00e1n air. Bh\u00ed se d\u2019\u00e1dh orm beirt sh\u00e1r r\u00fana\u00ed a\nbheith agam sa tr\u00e9imhse sin, An tAth. Eoghan \u00d3 Frigh\u00edl (Rath Bhoth) & An\ntAth. Caoimh\u00edn de L\u00edon (Baile \u00c1tha Cliath). Ceann de na ch\u00e9ad ruda\u00ed a rinneamar\nainm oifigi\u00fail an chumainn a athr\u00fa go Cumann na Sagart agus an \u201cGaelach\u201d a\nfh\u00e1g\u00e1il ar l\u00e1r. Throid cuid se na seanfhond\u00fair\u00ed go f\u00edochmhar in aghaidh an\nathraithe. Mh\u00e1igh an tAth. Mac Giolla \u00cdr, O.M.I go caithfeadh ain, gach cumann\na l\u00e9iri\u00fa c\u00e9n cusp\u00f3ir a bh\u00ed roimhe. Ansin scairt Proinsiasach \u00f3 ch\u00fal an halla: \u201c\nCad faoi Chumann na mBan?\u201d agus thit an t\u00f3in as an arg\u00f3int le rabharta gair\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                           \nCuireadh t\u00fas le c\u00farsa samhraidh do shagairt agus do \u00e1bhair sagairt sa\nGhaeltacht agus d\u2019fhreastal a l\u00e1n ar an c\u00farsa i Ros Goill agus sa Cheathr\u00fa Rua\ni ndeireadh na gcaogaid\u00ed agus i dt\u00fas na seascaid\u00ed. Buna\u00edodh An Sagart<\/em>\nmar iris nua an Chumainn in earrach na bliana 1958 agus an tAth. Colm\u00e1n \u00d3\nhUalach\u00e1in mar pr\u00edomhoibr\u00ed air. Beidh se tr\u00edocha bliain d\u2019aois ag deireadh na\nbliana seo, agus seachas c\u00fapla uimhir dh\u00fabailte th\u00e1inig s\u00e9 amach gacht r\u00e1ithe \u00f3\nshin \u2013 beagnach 120 uimhreacha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                           \nTar \u00e9is Bhliain Phadraig in 1961 buna\u00edodh Com\u00f3rtas Ghl\u00f3r na nGael in 1962 agus\nle linn a ch\u00faig bhliain fichead at\u00e1 s\u00e9 beo n\u00edl amhras orm n\u00f3 go ndearna s\u00e9 n\u00edos\nm\u00f3 n\u00e1 aon sc\u00e9im eile lena linn sin chun an Ghaeilge a tharraingt amach ar na\nsr\u00e1ideanna, isteach sna siopa\u00ed, suas ar na cuaill\u00ed f\u00f3gra\u00edochta agus isteach i\nngach \u00e1it eile ina mb\u00edonn saol na mbailt\u00ed ag dul ar aghaidh. Mar a mha\u00edonn an\nSti\u00farth\u00f3ir, is t\u00f3g\u00e1il pobail at\u00e1 ar si\u00fal. \u00d3 Chuaigh an that P\u00e1draigh \u00d3\nFiannachta i mbun an chom\u00f3rtais, chuir s\u00e9 slacht nua air, mh\u00e9adaigh na\nhiarratais agus na duaiseanna agus bronnfar an tr\u00f3fa\u00ed ar Iarthar Bh\u00e9al Feirste\nD\u00e9 Domhnaigh.<\/p>\n\n\n

                <\/p>\n\n\n

                           \nGhlacfadh s\u00e9 l\u00e9acht eile chun ar cur s\u00edos a dh\u00e9anamh ar a bhfuil d\u00e9anta ag an\ntAth. P\u00e1draig faoi choimirce Chumann na Sagart: na foilseach\u00e1in go l\u00e9ir a\nmb\u00edonn lip\u00e9ad An Sagart<\/em> orthu idir an leabhar Aifrinn agus an\nLeicsean\u00e1ir, Cl\u00e1r na Ls\u00ed Gaeilge i Maigh Nuad (8 n-imleabhar), Leachta\u00ed Cholm\nCille (17 n-imleabhar), leabhair urnaithe mar Gaird\u00edn an Anama<\/em> agus go\nleor foilseach\u00e1n eile, Tion\u00f3l na C\u00e1sca agus Seimine\u00e1r Bliant\u00fail, an Ollscoil\nScairte agus Ollscoil an Phobail, na tion\u00f3l speisialta ar an Diagacht, an Ceol\nEaglasta, An Ghaeilge san Eaglais, na tion\u00f3il rialta de r\u00e9ir c\u00faig\u00ed chun Gl\u00f3r na\nnGael a chur ar aghaidh, sti\u00farth\u00f3ireacht ar Bhr\u00fa na Gr\u00e1ige agus Com\u00f3radh an\nAth. Tadhg \u00d3 Murch\u00fa, agus m\u00edle rud eile ar a laghad. Sea, is m\u00f3 de\nbheathaisn\u00e9is n\u00e1 de stair a bheas sa chaibidil is deireana\u00ed de Stair Chumann na\nSagart agus ar an \u00e1bhar sin t\u00e1 m\u00e9 bu\u00edoch nach ormsa a thiteann se \u00e9 a chur le ch\u00e9ile.\nGu\u00edm fad saoil agus sl\u00e1inte d\u00f3 mar Eagarth\u00f3ir An Sagart<\/em> agus mar\nSti\u00farth\u00f3ir Ghl\u00f3r na nGael, don Uachtar\u00e1n agus do na hoifigigh eile agus do\nbhaill uile an Chumainn san am at\u00e1 romhainn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Aguis\u00edn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Oifigigh Chumann na Sagart<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                1. (A)Uachtar\u00e1in<\/em><\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                  1916-20          \nAn tAth. Tom\u00e1s de Bh\u00e1l (Luimneach) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  1920\n\u2013(?)         An tAth. Risteard\nPl\u00e9imionn (Baile \u00c1tha Cliath <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  1937-41\n(?)      An tAth. P\u00e1draig de Br\u00fan (Maigh Nuad)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  1941 \u2013 42\n(?)   An tAth. Donnchadh \u00d3 Floinn (Maigh Nuad)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  1942 \u2013\n55        An tAth. Aindrias Mac Aog\u00e1in,\nC.S.Sp.<\/p>\n\n\n

                  <\/p>\n\n\n

                  1955 \u2013\n67        An tAth. Tom\u00e1s \u00d3 Fiaich (Ard\nMhacha)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  1967 \u2013\n69        An tAth. M\u00e1irt\u00edn \u00d3 Braon\u00e1in, S.\u00cd<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  1969 \u2013\n71        An tAth. Maolmhaodh\u00f3g \u00d3 Ruairc\n(Ard Mhacha)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  1971 \u2013\n74        An tAth. P\u00e1draig \u00d3 Fiannachta\n(Ciarra\u00ed)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  1974 \u2013 79       \nAn tAth. Cathal \u00d3 Gibeall\u00e1in, O.F.M<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  1979 \u2013\n83        An tAth. M\u00e1itr\u00edn Mac Conmara,\nM.S.C<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  1983 \u2013\n86        An tAth. Tom\u00e1s Mac Aoidh (Cluain\nFearta)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  1986 –\n             An\ntAth. Tadhg Furlong (Caiseal)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  1. (B)R\u00fanaithe<\/em><\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                    1916 \u2013\n19        An tAth. S\u00e9amus Mac Leanacha\u00edn\n(D\u00fan agus Coinnire)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    1919 \u2013\n(?)        An tAth. Uait\u00e9ir Mac Domhnaill\n(Baile \u00c1tha Cliath)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    1937 \u2013\n(?)        An tAth. Liam \u00d3 Fearghusa\n(Ciarra\u00ed)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    1941 \u2013 42\n(?)   An tAth. Criost\u00f3ir \u00d3 Laoi (Caiseal)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    1942 \u2013 52\n(?)   An tAth. P\u00e1draig \u00d3 Maolfhabhail (Baile \u00c1tha Cliath)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    1953 \u2013\n54        An tAth. Tom\u00e1s \u00d3 Fiaich (Ard\nMhacha)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    1954 \u2013\n61        An tAth. Eoghan \u00d3 Fr\u00edghil (R\u00e1th\nBhoth)<\/p>\n\n\n

                    <\/p>\n\n\n

                    1961 \u2013\n67        An tAth. Caoimh\u00edn de L\u00edon (Baile\n\u00c1tha Cliath)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                           \n(R\u00fana\u00ed c\u00fanta \u00f3 1959 ar aghaidh)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    1967 \u2013\n68        An tAth. Cathal \u00d3 H\u00e1inle\n(Ardachadh)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    1969 \u2013\n71        An tAth. P\u00e1draig \u00d3 H\u00e9alaithe\n(Ciarra\u00ed)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    1971 \u2013\n74        An tAth. Miche\u00e1l Mac Gr\u00e9ill, S.\u00cd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    1974 \u2013\n75        An tAth. P\u00e1draig \u00d3 Fiannachta\n(Ciarra\u00ed)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    1975 \u2013\n80        An tAth. P\u00e1draig \u00d3 H\u00e9alaithe<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    1980 \u2013\n86        An tAth. P\u00e1draig \u00d3 Fiannachta<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    1986 –\n             An\ntAth. Seosamh \u00d3 Beaglaoi (Ciarra\u00ed)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    1. (C)Eagarth\u00f3ir\u00ed \u201cAn Sagart\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                      1958 \u2013\n63        An tAth. Colm\u00e1n \u00d3 Huallach\u00e1in,\nO.F.M.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                             \nagus An tAth. Tom\u00e1s \u00d3 Fiaich<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      1964 \u2013\n73        An tAth. P\u00e1draig \u00d3 Fiannachta<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      1974 \u2013\n77        An tAth.Cathal \u00d3 H\u00e1inle<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      1978 \u2013 88\n       An tAth. P\u00e1draig \u00d3 Fiannachta<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      1. (D)Sti\u00farth\u00f3ir\u00ed Ghl\u00f3r na nGael<\/em><\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                        1962 \u2013\n72        An tAth. Tom\u00e1s \u00d3 Fiaich<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        1972 \u2013\n77        An tAth. P\u00e1draig \u00d3 Fiannachta<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        1980 \u2013 84\n       An Br. Doiminic \u00d3 Rodaigh, S.M.<\/p>\n\n\n

                        <\/p>\n\n\n

                        1984 \u2013\n88        An tAth. P\u00e1draig \u00d3 Fiannachta<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        Iarscr\u00edbhinn\n2016<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        Oifigigh\nChumann na Sagart<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        1. (A)Uachtar\u00e1in<\/em><\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n


                          \n
                          \n1992-1996\n                \nClement Mac M\u00e1nus
                          \n1996-1999                   \nLeon \u00d3’M\u00f3rach\u00e1in
                          \n1999-2004                   \nP\u00e1draig \u00d3’Croiligh
                          \n2004-2010\n                \nTadhg \u00d3’M\u00f3r\u00e1in
                          \n2010 …\n                       \nS\u00e9amus \u00d3’h\u00c9anaigh
                          \n
                          \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          1. (B)R\u00fanaithe<\/em><\/strong><\/li>
                          2. (C)Eagarth\u00f3ir\u00ed \u201cAn Sagart\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/li>
                          3. (D)Sti\u00farth\u00f3ir\u00ed Ghl\u00f3r na nGael<\/em><\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                            (Ainmneacha pearsanta f\u00e1gtha gan aistri\u00fa\nagam. Chuirfeadh l\u00e9arsc\u00e1il go m\u00f3r leis an \u00e1bhar \u2013 par\u00f3ist\u00ed & sr\u00e1ideanna\nmarc\u00e1lta & ainmneacha na sagart luaite. – H\u00d3M)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Dublin Diocesan Priests and the 1916 Rising<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Sagairt dheoise bhaile \u00c1tha Cliath agus \u00c9ir\u00ed amach\n1916<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Diarmuid Martin, Ardeaspag Bhaile Atha Cliath<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            (Aistrithe \u00f3n Bh\u00e9arla ag Helen \u00d3 Murch\u00fa)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Le linn\nSheachtain na C\u00e1sca 1916, rinne sagairt Dheoise Bhaile \u00c1tha Cliath c\u00faram do\ngach uile dhuine a bh\u00ed ina gh\u00e1. Rinneadar sin fi\u00fa agus a mbeatha f\u00e9in \u00e1 gcur i\nmbaol acu.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                     \nA luaithe a shroich an t-eolas \u00e9 go raibh an t\u00c9ir\u00ed Amach ar bun rinne an\nMoins\u00edneoir Michael Curran, r\u00fana\u00ed an Ardeaspaig Walsh ag an am, a shl\u00ed chuig\nArdoifig an Phoist. Ba \u00e9 an ch\u00e9ad duine a bhuail leis ansin n\u00e1 James Connolly a\nchuir in i\u00fal d\u00f3 go raibh cead isteach gan bac ag sagairt. Lorg Curran an\nPiarsach mar bh\u00ed aithne aige air. D\u00fairt leis go raibh an tArdeaspag d\u00edreach\nf\u00e1gtha aige agus an raibh aon n\u00ed a d\u2019fh\u00e9adfadh s\u00e9 a dh\u00e9anamh. Ba \u00e9 freagra an\nPhiarsaigh \u2018N\u00edl, t\u00e1imid chun an gn\u00f3 a chr\u00edochn\u00fa\u2019. <\/em>Dar leis an bPiarsach\nbh\u00ed fonn faoistine ar bhaill \u00e1irithe de na h\u00d3glaigh. Chuige sin, rinne an\nMoins\u00edneoir socruithe le beirt shagart \u00f3n Leas-Ardeaglais, an tAthair O\u2019Reilly\nagus an tAthair Flanagan. <\/p>\n\n\n

                            <\/p>\n\n\n

                                     \nAg pointe eile, bh\u00ed ar an Athair O\u2019Reilly dul go h\u00d3st\u00e1n Wynn, \u00e1it a raibh fear\ngonta ag saothr\u00fa an bh\u00e1is. Chun an t-\u00f3st\u00e1n a shroichint, ba tr\u00ed cheantar a\nraibh tr\u00e9anscaoileadh pil\u00e9ar ar gach taobh ab \u00e9igean d\u00f3 si\u00fal le bair\u00e9ad is\ns\u00fat\u00e1n air. Bh\u00ed s\u00e9 ar di\u00fait\u00e9 de l\u00f3 is d\u2019o\u00edche le linn na dtriobl\u00f3id\u00ed agus aon\nuair gur iarradh sin air d\u2019fh\u00e9ach ina ndiaidh iad si\u00fad a bh\u00ed ag f\u00e1il\nbh\u00e1is.       <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                     \nChinntigh an tAthair Richard Bowden, Riarth\u00f3ir na Leas-Ardeaglaise, go raibh\nsagart ar f\u00e1il i gc\u00f3na\u00ed in Ospid\u00e9al Shr\u00e1id Jervis. Chaith s\u00e9 f\u00e9in seal ann mar\na rinne an tAthair Joseph McArdle agus an tAthair Edward Byrne, a ndearnadh\nArdeaspag Bhaile \u00c1tha Cliath de sa bhliain 1921. N\u00ed raibh dul as acu ach\nfanacht san ospid\u00e9al, bh\u00ed s\u00e9 chomh cont\u00fairteach taisteal tr\u00edd na\nsr\u00e1ideanna.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Chaith\nsagart c\u00fanta eile, an tAthair John Flanagan, formh\u00f3r Sheachtain na C\u00e1sca in\nArdoifig an Phoist. Bhi p\u00e1irt n\u00e1r bheag aige taisteal sl\u00e1n s\u00e1bh\u00e1ilte a\ndheimhni\u00fa chuig Ospid\u00e9al Shr\u00e1id Jervis don lucht gonta.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                     \nSuas le dh\u00e1 sc\u00f3r duine, lorg siad d\u00eddean san Leas Ardeaglais \u00f3 na foirgnimh a\nbh\u00ed tr\u00ed thine agus \u00f3 l\u00e1mhach raidhfil is sliog\u00e1n. Chaith cuid mhaith d\u00edobh tr\u00ed\nl\u00e1 istigh ansin ach le himeacht ama d\u2019\u00e9irigh bia gann. Faoi dheireadh na\nseachtaine bh\u00ed baol ann go rachadh an eaglais f\u00e9in tr\u00ed thine. Is amhlaidh a\nleath an tine \u00f3 Shr\u00e1id U\u00ed Chonaill agus bh\u00ed treoir faighte ag an mbriog\u00e1id\nd\u00f3ite\u00e1in gan dul amach. Bh\u00ed tine ard ar Shr\u00e1id na hArdeaglaise agus an ghaoth\nl\u00e1idir ag s\u00e9ideadh p\u00e1ip\u00e9ir\u00ed ar lasadh agus scaotha spr\u00e9acha thar dh\u00edon na\nhArdeaglaise. Ba tr\u00ed mh\u00edor\u00failt a chuaigh an foirgneamh sl\u00e1n. N\u00e1r athraigh treo\nna gaoithe chuig Shr\u00e1id Iarla Thuaidh. Bh\u00e1saigh deichni\u00far duine ar Shr\u00e1id\nMhaoilbhr\u00edde le linn Sheachtain na C\u00e1sca, gach duine d\u00edobh de dheasca cr\u00e9achta\n\u00f3 urchair.      <\/p>\n\n\n

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                                     \nThairg duine de na sagairt \u00f3 Shr\u00e1id Phroinsias cabhair ag monarcha Jacob, \u00e1it\nar bhuail s\u00e9 leis an Athair Aloysius, Proinsiasach Caipis\u00edneach. Agus iad ann\nchuala said fothram faoi mar a phl\u00e9ascfadh buama. N\u00ed buama a bh\u00ed ann, \u00e1fach,\nach slua a bhris isteach san oifig ar Shr\u00e1id an Easpaig agus creachad\u00f3ireacht\nar intinn acu. Chuaigh an bheirt shagart tr\u00edd an monarcha go dt\u00ed ionad na\nhoifige \u00e1it a bhfacadar go leor creachad\u00f3ir\u00ed ag imeacht leo. Labhair siad leis\nna daoine ar an iompar scannalach a bh\u00ed \u00e1 l\u00e9iri\u00fa acu. Bh\u00ed de thoradh air sin\ngur f\u00e1gadh ar ais m\u00f3r\u00e1n d\u00e1 raibh goidte, ar a raibh arml\u00f3n, gunn\u00e1in agus baill\n\u00e9adaigh.     <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                     \nIs in Ospid\u00e9al M\u00e1ithreachais Shr\u00e1id Holles a chaith na sagairt \u00f3 Rae an\nIarthair cuid mhaith den am. Is m\u00f3 gar tr\u00f3caireach a rinne an tAthair O\u2019Reilly\nagus an tAthair Fleming ar fud an phar\u00f3iste fhad is a d\u2019fh\u00e9ach na sagairt go\nl\u00e9ir i ndiaidh na ndaoine a goineadh le linn an chatha ag Droichead Shr\u00e1id an\nMh\u00f3ta. Chaith an tAthair O\u2019Reilly tamall chomh maith ag Muilte Bheoll\u00e1in chun\ns\u00f3l\u00e1s a thabhairt d\u2019\u00d3glaigh a bh\u00ed ag saothr\u00fa an bh\u00e1is, c\u00e9 go raibh urchair \u00e1\nscaoileadh trasna air agus \u00e9 ar a shl\u00ed chucu. Le linn an \u00c9ir\u00ed Amach, bh\u00ed\nOspid\u00e9al Shr\u00e1id Holles oscailte do ch\u00e1ch a bh\u00ed gonta. I ndiaidh an gh\u00e9illeadh,\nchabhraigh otharchairr \u00f3 Mh\u00f3tarchlub na h\u00c9ireann chun othair a thabhairt chuig\nOspid\u00e9al San Uinsionn. Ba iad na hotharchairr ch\u00e9anna a d\u2019iompar ar\u00e1n agus pl\u00far\n\u00f3 Mhuilte Bheoll\u00e1in thar tr\u00e9imhse ceithre l\u00e1, rud a th\u00e1rrth\u00e1il m\u00f3r\u00e1n \u00f3n\nngorta.       <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                     \nGhabh f\u00f3rsa\u00ed Briotaineacha, agus iad gl\u00e9asta mar shibhialtaigh, t\u00far na heaglaise\nar Bh\u00f3thar Haddington. Ba \u00e9 an sc\u00e9al a bh\u00ed acu don chl\u00e9ir gur chreideadar go\nraibh \u00d3glaigh i bhfolach ann. Ach iad in ionad, \u00e1fach, bhain siad leas as an\nt\u00far d\u00e1 ngn\u00f3tha\u00ed f\u00e9in. Gairmeadh ar an Athair James Doyle, duine de na sagairt\nch\u00fanta, c\u00faram a dh\u00e9anamh d\u2019fhear darbh ainm an Leifteanant Hawkins. Tugadh an\nsagart chuig Uimhir 72 ach bh\u00ed air an b\u00f3thar a thrasn\u00fa faoi thr\u00e9anthreascairt\ngunna\u00ed. D\u2019\u00e9ag an Leifteanant tar \u00e9is na sacraimint\u00ed a ghlacadh. Toisc go raibh\ng\u00e9araithe faoin am seo ar threise an l\u00e1mhaigh, n\u00edorbh fhol\u00e1ir don Athair Doyle\nimeacht tr\u00edd ch\u00faldoras an t\u00ed agus rith leis i bhfiontar b\u00e1is ar ais chun na\nheaglaise.       <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                     \nBh\u00ed nach m\u00f3r gach sr\u00e1id i bhfoisceacht na gCeithre C\u00fairteanna gafa ag sn\u00edp\u00e9ir\u00ed\nidir mh\u00edleataigh agus \u00d3glaigh. Ach rinne an sagart c\u00fanta, an tAthair Patrick\nO\u2019Byrne, c\u00faram d\u2019aon duine gonta a cuireadh chuig teach na sagart. Ina theannta\nsin, sh\u00e1raigh s\u00e9 tr\u00e9anl\u00e1mhach gunna\u00ed chun f\u00f3irithint ar dhuine ag 31 Sr\u00e1id\nArran Thoir, duine ar shibhialtach neamharmtha \u00e9 a fuair urchar sa droim.\nChabhraigh s\u00e9 chomh maith le beirt eile. Ba Phrotast\u00fanach duine d\u00edobh agus\nghabh a mhuintir bu\u00edochas ina dhiaidh sin leis an sagart as a ndearna s\u00e9 d\u00f3. Ar\nan Aoine, d\u2019fh\u00f3ir s\u00e9 ar bheirt fhear ar Shr\u00e1id Chapel, ach d\u2019\u00e9agadar beirt. D\u2019\u00e9ag\nchomh maith Christopher Lawlor ar tugadh aire d\u00f3 ag Sr\u00e1id Halston. Is ag Sr\u00e1id\nHalston freisin a l\u00e1mhadh sagart c\u00fanta eile, an tAthair Patrick Kennedy, agus \u00e9\ni mbun Aifrinn ar an 28\u00fa Aibre\u00e1n. Is amhlaidh a r\u00e9ab pil\u00e9ar tr\u00edd fhuinneog\nghloinedhaite san eaglais ach lean an ceili\u00fara\u00ed leis ag l\u00e9amh Aifrinn faoi mar\nn\u00e1r tharla tada.         <\/p>\n\n\n

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                            Ba iad na\nsagairt ag Sr\u00e1id San Sh\u00e9amais an chl\u00e9ir oifigi\u00fail do Phr\u00edos\u00fan Chill\nMhaighneann. D\u00e1 r\u00e9ir sin, bh\u00ed an tAthair Eugene McCarthy i l\u00e1thair do gach\nceann de na b\u00e1suithe chun a dhualgas a chomhl\u00edonadh an ola dh\u00e9anach a chur ar\ngach \u00edospartach san ionad ar thit s\u00e9 marbh. Ar an maidin a raibh b\u00e1s\u00fa an\nPhluinc\u00e9adaigh beartaithe, tugadh an tAthair McCarthy chuig an bPr\u00edos\u00fan n\u00edos\nluaithe n\u00e1 ba ghn\u00e1ch le haghaidh shearmanas an ph\u00f3sta. Ba \u00e9 cuntas an tsagairt\nch\u00e9anna ar bh\u00e1s\u00fa U\u00ed Chongha\u00edle go raibh droch-chaoi ar an bhfear ach go ndearna\ns\u00e9 iarracht seasamh mar a rinne an chuid eile, ach nach raibh sin ar a chumas.\nCeangla\u00edodh le cathaoir \u00e9 ach shleamhnaigh s\u00e9 go dt\u00ed an pointe gur chaill s\u00e9\ncothroma\u00edocht. Ar deireadh ba gh\u00e1 \u00e9 a strap\u00e1il le s\u00ednte\u00e1n a cuireadh ina\nleaslu\u00ed i gcoinne an bhalla. Ba chuimhne bhuan an radharc sin feasta don Athair\nMcCarthy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                     \nAgus na b\u00e1suithe i gcr\u00edch tugadh na corp\u00e1in chuig Phr\u00edos\u00fan Chnoc an Arbhair d\u00e1\nn-adhlacadh. Ba \u00e9 an tAthair Francis Farrington, sagart c\u00fanta de chuid\nphar\u00f3iste Shr\u00e1id Eachdhroim, a bh\u00ed ina sh\u00e9ipl\u00edneach don Phr\u00edos\u00fan sin. Bh\u00ed s\u00e9 i\nl\u00e1thair ar na sochraid\u00ed do thri\u00far de na Ceannair\u00ed, an Piarsach, Mac Donncha\nagus Clarke. Is amhlaidh a chuir Arm na Breataine leora\u00ed chun a th\u00ed ar a tr\u00ed a\u2019\nchlog ar maidin d\u2019fhonn \u00e9 a thabhairt chun na beairice. Dar lena chuntas f\u00e9in\nar ar tharla ansin, chuala s\u00e9 an r\u00faisc urchar ag Cill Mhaighneann agus chonaic\ns\u00e9 iarsma\u00ed na bhfear \u00e1 dtabhairt amach. Dar leis bh\u00ed siad \u2018ar sn\u00e1mh ina\nbhfuil f\u00e9in, na coirp f\u00f3s te agus neamhrighin, na bindeal\u00e1in f\u00f3s ag cl\u00fadach a\ns\u00fal, agus a mb\u00e9il ar leathadh<\/em>.\u2019 Chomhl\u00edon an tAthair Farrington na\ndeasghn\u00e1tha adhlactha ar a ceathair a\u2019 chlog agus adhlacadh an tri\u00far sin gan ch\u00f3nra\ni dtr\u00ednse a bh\u00ed seasca troigh ar fhad.     <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Is taith\u00ed\neile ar fad ar Sheachtain na C\u00e1sca a bh\u00ed ag sagart eile \u00f3 Bhaile \u00c1tha Cliath.\nBa \u00e9 sin an tAthair Laurence Stafford. Lorg seisean cead i m\u00ed L\u00fanasa 2014\nfeidhmiu mar Sh\u00e9ipl\u00edneach Chaitliceach d\u2019Fh\u00f3rsa Slua\u00edochta na Breataine. Bh\u00ed s\u00e9\nle fada gafa le Fi\u00fasail\u00e9ir\u00ed Bhaile \u00c1tha Cliath. Ceapadh \u00e9 ina Sh\u00e9ipl\u00edneach i m\u00ed\nan Mh\u00e1rta 1915 chun freastal ar an Deichi\u00fa Rann\u00e1n \u00c9ireannach. Faoi mh\u00ed L\u00fanasa,\nbh\u00ed s\u00e9 ar bh\u00e1d go dt\u00ed an Chipir, tar \u00e9is stopadh ag M\u00e1lta agus ag Alexandria.\nBh\u00ed \u2018suas le tr\u00ed mh\u00edle fear faoina ch\u00faram\u2019<\/em> ar an turas sin. Thug s\u00e9\nseirbh\u00eds i Salonica chomh maith. Ar saoire \u00f3n arm d\u00f3, thug s\u00e9 cuairt ar an\nbPailist\u00edn. Ar an gc\u00e9ad turas ann thug se cuairt ar Ghail\u00edl, ar Loch Tiberius\nagus ar Chapernaum. Ar chuairt eile, thrasnaigh s\u00e9 abha na hIord\u00e1ine chun dul\ngo Damascus.     <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                     \nBh\u00ed an tAthair Stafford i dtuaisceart na Breataine Bige faoin 20\u00fa L\u00fanasa 2016\nagus \u00e9 ag d\u00e9anamh c\u00faraim de na h\u00d3glaigh a bh\u00ed ar a gcoime\u00e1d i bhFrongoch. Bh\u00ed\naithne mhaith air ag m\u00f3r\u00e1n de na fir ag Frongoch ach ba dheacair le cuid acu\nglacadh leis ag an t\u00fas mar \u2018sh\u00e9ipl\u00edneach caic\u00ed\u2019<\/em> de chuid Arm na\nBreataine. Ba \u00e9 an gn\u00e1thamh aige \u00e9ir\u00ed ar a c\u00faig gach maidin; Aifreann a l\u00e9amh\ngach dara l\u00e1 sna campa\u00ed uachtair agus \u00edochtair; faoistin a chloisint; agus an\npaidr\u00edn p\u00e1irteach a r\u00e1 m\u00e1 bh\u00ed an t-am ann chuige. Maidir leis na fir,\ndh\u00e9anaidis peil agus liathr\u00f3id l\u00e1imhe a imirt; na nuacht\u00e1in laeth\u00fala a l\u00e9amh;\npian\u00f3 a sheint \u00f3s rud \u00e9 go raibh teacht ar cheann sa d\u00e1 champa n\u00f3 an ph\u00edb Ghaelach.\nLe linn a sheal ag Frongoch, saoradh cuid mhaith de na pr\u00edos\u00fanaigh ach ba \u00e9\nf\u00e9in, an tAthair Larry Stafford, an t\u00c9ireannach deireanach a bh\u00ed f\u00e1gtha ann\nfaoin 23\u00fa l\u00e1 de mh\u00ed na Nollag 1916. Fhad is a bh\u00ed s\u00e9 ann, n\u00edor staon s\u00e9 \u00f3\nsh\u00edorshaothr\u00fa ar shaoradh na bhfear. Is deacair tarraingt na Nollag a sh\u00e1r\u00fa\nagus ba \u00e9 an arg\u00f3int chlabhs\u00fair aige \u2018Is \u00ed an Nollaig an Nollaig\u2019. \u2018Inniu\nsan \u00e1it seo t\u00e1 na g\u00e9ibhinn agus na geata\u00ed orthu ar l\u00e1noscailt. Anocht n\u00ed bheidh\nd\u2019\u00c9ireannaigh i bhFrongoch ach mise i m\u2019aonar\u2019.     <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

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                            Athruithe,\nAthruithe\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Helen \u00d3 Murch\u00fa<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Is m\u00f3r agus is l\u00edonmhar iad na hathruithe at\u00e1 feicthe ag baill Chumann\nna Sagart \u00f3 dh\u00e1ta bunaithe an Chumainn ar L\u00e1 \u2018le Br\u00edde sa bhliain chinni\u00fanach\nsin 1916. Seans, \u00e1fach, gurb iad ionad agus r\u00f3l na mban, sa tsocha\u00ed agus san\nEaglais, an t-\u00e1bhar is suaithins\u00ed athraithe sa tr\u00e9imhse sin, \u00e1bhar at\u00e1 f\u00f3s faoi\ndhianphl\u00e9. Ar nd\u00f3igh, bh\u00ed mn\u00e1 an-ghn\u00edomhach san \u00c9ir\u00ed Amach agus ina dhiaidh ach\nn\u00edl na f\u00edric\u00ed f\u00fathu ach ag teacht chun solais le blianta beaga anuas, de r\u00e9ir\nmar a thosaigh gl\u00fain nua staraithe [banstaraithe go h\u00e1irithe] ag r\u00edomh sc\u00e9il\nn\u00edos ioml\u00e1ine. N\u00ed chuimhn\u00edt\u00ed go hiond\u00fail ach ar an gCuntaois Markievicz agus ar\nbhua na suffraig\u00e9id\u00ed maidir le cead v\u00f3t\u00e1la do mhn\u00e1 a bhaint amach sa bhliain\n1918 (faoi R\u00edocht Aontaithe na Breataine M\u00f3ire agus na h\u00c9ireann). Ar nd\u00f3igh ba\ndo mhn\u00e1 \u2018ciallmhara creidi\u00fanacha\u2019 \u00e9 sin, mn\u00e1 a bh\u00ed thar aois a tr\u00edocha agus a\nraibh seilbh tal\u00fan acu; ag am a raibh v\u00f3ta ag fir in aois a fiche-haon n\u00f3 fi\u00fa\nin aois a naoi-d\u00e9ag acu si\u00fad a throid sa Chogadh M\u00f3r. In ainneoin gur tugadh\nl\u00e1nchead v\u00f3t\u00e1la do mhn\u00e1 thar aois a fiche-haon sa bhliain 1922, lean coinn\u00edoll\nna seilbhe go dt\u00ed 1928. Agus ar nd\u00f3igh n\u00edor th\u00e1inig comharba mn\u00e1 mar aire\nrialtais ar an gCuntaois go ceann seasca bliain eile, gur ceapadh M\u00e1ire\nGeoghegan-Quinn sa bhliain 1979. Ag t\u00fas na seacht\u00f3id\u00ed c\u00e9anna, bh\u00ed ar\nst\u00e1tsheirbh\u00edsigh ban, m\u00fainteoir\u00ed ina measc, n\u00f3 lucht bainc, \u00e9ir\u00ed as a bpoist ar\nph\u00f3sadh d\u00f3ibh. Chomh maith leis sin ba leis an athair a dh\u00edolta\u00ed an li\u00fantas\nleana\u00ed agus n\u00edor leis an mbean an teach teaghlaigh ach oiread. B\u2019in \u00f3 thaobh na\npolait\u00edochta agus na reachta\u00edochta de. Le daichead bliain anuas t\u00e1 an saol sin\nathraithe go huile is go hioml\u00e1n. Luaitear na c\u00farsa\u00ed sin a bhaineann go pr\u00edomha\nle strucht\u00fair sh\u00f3isialta<\/em> mar ch\u00falra le comhth\u00e9acs na hEaglaise agus mn\u00e1\ninti, strucht\u00fair a bh\u00ed patrarcach ad\u00e9arfadh m\u00f3r\u00e1n ban agus a d\u2019admh\u00f3dh l\u00edon m\u00f3r\nfear. <\/p>\n\n\n

                            <\/p>\n\n\n

                                        N\u00edl\naon amhras ach go raibh mn\u00e1 l\u00edonmhar gn\u00edomhach sa luathEaglais agus nach raibh\nfeidhmeanna oifigi\u00fala cosctha orthu inti, ag an t\u00fas p\u00e9 sc\u00e9al \u00e9, go h\u00e1irithe sna\nheaglais\u00ed t\u00ed ba ghn\u00e1ch an uair sin. \u2018Agus chuaigh l\u00edon na bhfear agus na mban a\nchreid sa Tiarna n\u00ed ba mh\u00f3 i m\u00e9id\u2019 (Gn\u00edomhartha na nAspal<\/em> 5:12-16). I\nlitir chuig Thiom\u00f3id (An Tiomna Nua<\/em>) dearbha\u00edtear go neamhbhalbh, \u00e1fach,\nnach ceadmhach do bhean teagasc a thabhairt n\u00f3 bheith i gceannas ar fhir; n\u00ed\nm\u00f3r di a bheith ina tost. P\u00e9 n\u00ed faoi thuin na teachtaireachta sin, t\u00e1 le\ntuiscint nach fol\u00e1ir n\u00f3 bh\u00ed na gn\u00edomhartha sin at\u00e1 le cosc ar bun d\u00e1ir\u00edre ag\nmn\u00e1. R\u00edomhann Diarmaid MacCulloch cuntas sp\u00e9isi\u00fail (A History of\nChristianity, <\/em>2009). Luaitear (litreacha P\u00f3il) mar shampla Phoebe mar\ndheag\u00e1nach, agus na mn\u00e1 Prisca, Tryphaena agus Tryphosa, i measc l\u00edon nach beag\neile ban a th\u00e1inig chun solais \u00f3 shin, de thoradh taighde bandiagair\u00ed ach go\nh\u00e1irithe. Glaodh \u2018aspal\u2019 fi\u00fa ar an mbean darbh ainm Junia. Ach f\u00e9ach ar tharla\ndi i stair na hEaglaise ina dhiaidh sin. De r\u00e9ir mar a bh\u00ed strucht\u00fair \u00e1\ndt\u00f3gaint ar mh\u00fanla na R\u00f3imhe don Eaglais nua a bh\u00ed ag forbairt agus ag iarraidh\ndul i bhfeidhm ar chin\u00edoca an domhain mar a threoraigh Cr\u00edost d\u00e1 Aspail, n\u00ed\nrabhthas chun dul chun arg\u00f3na leis na noirm sh\u00f3isialta agus chult\u00fartha a bh\u00ed\ncoiteann, ceannas fear san \u00e1ireamh. Ar thaobh amh\u00e1in ba chur chuige ab fh\u00e9idir\na thuiscint an modh oibre sin a bh\u00ed cuibheasach polaiti\u00fail. Ar an taobh eile,\nbh\u00ed de thoradh air gur f\u00e1isceadh teachtaireacht Chr\u00edost, eaglais an phobail,\nlaistigh de fhr\u00e1ma tagartha agus cumhachta an tsaoil thuata. Ar an mbonn sin is\nar bhonn staid na spiorad\u00e1ltachta<\/em> amh\u00e1in a sainmh\u00edn\u00edodh feasta an\nchothroma\u00edocht do ch\u00e1ch a bh\u00ed i dteagasc an tSl\u00e1naitheora. Bh\u00ed glacadh ioml\u00e1n\nd\u00e1 r\u00e9ir leis an scl\u00e1bha\u00edocht (Naomh P\u00f3l f\u00e9in bh\u00ed s\u00e9 bu\u00edoch de ch\u00faram scl\u00e1bha\u00ed\ncarad le linn tr\u00e9imhse pr\u00edos\u00fain) agus le ceannas fear sa saol. N\u00ed hionadh go\nndearnadh fear de Junia sna cuntais dh\u00e9anacha; tugadh Junius uirthi. Ansin\nd\u2019imigh s\u00ed as an stair eaglasta ar fad go dt\u00ed tamall de bhlianta \u00f3 shin. Ag\nl\u00e9amh scr\u00edbhinn\u00ed Ph\u00f3il, b\u2019fh\u00e9idir a r\u00e1 go raibh s\u00e9 i gcoitinne dian ar mhn\u00e1\nagus ar a r\u00f3l, c\u00e9 go nd\u00e9anann an P\u00e1pa Proinsias l\u00e9amh n\u00edos fabhr\u00fala air sa\ndoicim\u00e9ad is d\u00e9ana\u00ed uaidhsin ar an teaghlach (2016, Amoris Laetitia<\/em>).\nSampla an-luath den dearcadh frithmhn\u00e1 ab ea Tertullian a ch\u00e9adchuir t\u00fas leis\nan tuiscint gurb \u00ed an bhean, \u00c9abha, foinse an oilc mar gur scrios s\u00ed an fear,\n\u00c1dhamh. N\u00ed m\u00f3 n\u00e1 tuisceanach ar mhn\u00e1 a bh\u00ed Agaist\u00edn ach oiread ina shaol luath,\nis cos\u00fail (Confessions<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n

                            <\/p>\n\n\n

                                        San\nuain sin i bhF\u00e9ilire na hEaglaise \u00f3 Charghas go Cinc\u00eds, is suimi\u00fail iad na\ntagairt\u00ed do mhn\u00e1. De r\u00e9ir Soisc\u00e9il L\u00fac\u00e1is, ba dheacair do na hAspail, seachas\nPeadar, na mn\u00e1 a chreidi\u00faint ar fhilleadh d\u00f3ibh \u00f3n tuama le sc\u00e9ala na hAis\u00e9ir\u00ed.\nMar \u2018samhla\u00edodh d\u00f3ibh nach raibh sna r\u00e1ite \u00fad ach seaf\u00f3id\u2019. Nuair n\u00e1r r\u00e9itigh\nmaithe Ant\u00edoc na Pisidia le P\u00f3l is Barnabas gur \u2018chaith siadsan deannach a gcos\nd\u00edobh ina n-\u00e9adan\u2019, f\u00e9ach gurb iad \u2018mn\u00e1 diaganta fi\u00fantacha agus uaisle na\ncathrach\u2019 a bhrostaigh na Gi\u00fadaigh \u00e9admhara chun g\u00e9arlean\u00faint a imirt ar na\nhaspail, (Gn\u00edomhartha na nAspal<\/em> 13:14, 43-52). Ar \u00e1bhar eile ar fad,\nfeictear an bheirt ch\u00e9anna, P\u00f3l agus Barnabas, luaite le \u2018consp\u00f3id n\u00e1r\nshuarach\u2019 maidir le \u2018timpeallghearradh de r\u00e9ir ghn\u00e1s Mhaois\u2019 agus c\u00farsa\u00ed\nsl\u00e1naithe. Lean cruinnithe, pl\u00e9 fada agus foireann idirbhearta\u00edochta d\u2019fhonn an\nteagasc a shoil\u00e9iri\u00fa, (Gn\u00edomhartha na nAspal<\/em> 15:1-2; 22-29). Ar nd\u00f3igh,\nbh\u00edothas ag iarraidh an c\u00falra cult\u00fartha r\u00f3-ghi\u00fadach a mhaol\u00fa d\u2019iompaithigh chun\nna Cr\u00edosta\u00edochta ag an am \u00e1irithe sin. Ach is sp\u00e9isi\u00fail mar sin f\u00e9in gur\nth\u00e1nathas ar r\u00e9iteach s\u00e1s\u00fail ar cheist a bh\u00ed \u00edogair go leor, rud n\u00e1r mhiste i\ngc\u00e1s c\u00farsa\u00ed ban agus an Eaglais.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                       \nMaidir leis sin de, b\u00edonn dh\u00e1 th\u00e9arma \u00e1 s\u00edor\u00fas\u00e1id agus n\u00ed chun tairbhe na\nharg\u00f3na i gc\u00f3na\u00ed \u00e9. Is iad sin \u2018ceart\u2019 agus \u2018feimineachas\u2019. Laistigh den\nChr\u00edosta\u00edocht a cumadh agus a cleachtadh iad mar th\u00e9arma\u00ed. Is cos\u00fail gurbh ag\nComhdh\u00e1il Lambeth den Eaglais Anglac\u00e1nach sa bhliain 1888 is t\u00faisce a luadh cearta\nban<\/em> i gcomhth\u00e9acs polagamais san Afraic. D\u00fairt Easpag d\u00fachasach Yoruba leis\nan lucht \u00e9isteachta \u00f3s rud n\u00e1rbh iad na mn\u00e1 a roghnaigh socr\u00fa an pholagamais,\ngur cur isteach ar a gcearta \u00e9. Ach cheana f\u00e9in thiar sna 1690aid\u00ed bh\u00ed leagan\namach don bhfeimineachas Cr\u00edosta\u00ed i gcl\u00f3 ag an Anglac\u00e1nach mn\u00e1, Mary Astell, a\nraibh scr\u00edbhinn\u00ed John Locke ar son saoirse fear \u00e1 suathadh. Is bean eile,\nHubertine Auclerc, a chum an t\u00e9arma \u2018feimineachas\u2019 thart ar 1882. Ba\niarChaitliceach R\u00f3mh\u00e1nach agus gn\u00edomhai polaiti\u00fail ar son ban \u00ed. Sna c\u00e9id idir\nan bheirt bhan sin bh\u00ed mn\u00e1 ag teacht chun tosaigh sna heaglais\u00ed Cr\u00edosta\u00ed go\nl\u00e9ir, go h\u00e1irithe sna gr\u00fapa\u00ed cothroma\u00edoch neamhordlathach ar n\u00f3s Chumann na\ngCarad agus na gComhthion\u00f3laithe, agus ligeadh leo – in am an gh\u00e1tair ar\nuairibh. Sa Chomaoin Anglac\u00e1nach bh\u00edodh mn\u00e1 an-ghn\u00edomhach i ngn\u00e9ithe den\nmhinistreacht sh\u00f3isialta, c\u00e9 nach le faomhadh na bhfear ar uairibh \u00e9. San\nEaglais Chaitliceach, bh\u00ed l\u00edon na n-ord ban rialta ag m\u00e9ad\u00fa go m\u00f3r agus r\u00f3l\nthar a bheith gn\u00edomhach \u00e1 chleachtadh acu sa saol tuata i mbun scoileanna,\nospid\u00e9al agus d\u00edleachtlanna agus ar na misin thar lear. \u00c1ir\u00edtear an\nghn\u00edomha\u00edocht sin go l\u00e9ir mar an ch\u00e9ad tonn feimineachais. Is \u00e9 sin mn\u00e1 ag\naimsi\u00fa agus ag cleachtadh r\u00f3lanna gn\u00edomhacha laistigh d\u00e1 n-eaglais\u00ed, r\u00f3lanna\ngurb iad f\u00e9in go pr\u00edomha a bh\u00ed i bhfeighil orthu go praitici\u00fail, mura raibh go\nteoirici\u00fail go minic d\u2019fhonn an strucht\u00far cliarlathach ordlathach – a rabhadar\nina gcuid dh\u00edlis de – a sh\u00e1samh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        I\nndiaidh dh\u00e1 chogadh dhomhanda agus gluaiseacht cl\u00e9ire is pobail a bh\u00ed\nfrithEaglaiseach ar shlite i bhfianaise bhochtanas ar domhan, tharla dh\u00e1 n\u00ed\nshuaithinseacha sa saol tuata agus sa saol eaglasta araon. Orthusan bh\u00ed\nd\u00edosp\u00f3ireacht ar cheisteanna mar an comhionannas n\u00f3 cothroma\u00edocht deiseanna ar\nthaobh amh\u00e1in agus diagacht na saoirse ar an taobh eile. Ag \u00e9ir\u00ed astu bh\u00ed an\ndara tonn den bhfeimineachas ina th\u00fas l\u00e1idir faoi l\u00e1r an fhichi\u00fa haois. Ar an\nmodh c\u00e9anna leis na t\u00e9arma\u00ed \u2018ceart\u2019 agus \u2018feimineachas\u2019, thosaigh pl\u00e9\nconsp\u00f3ideach feasta i measc lucht leanta na n-eaglais\u00ed Cr\u00edosta\u00ed ar dh\u00e1 thopaic.\nB\u2019iadsin \u2018oirni\u00fa ban\u2019 agus \u2018diagacht ban\u2019, <\/strong>topaic\u00ed at\u00e1 an-bheo i gc\u00f3na\u00ed.\nLe himeacht na mblianta tharla athruithe \u00e1irithe d\u00e1 r\u00e9ir a thug aitheantas n\u00edos\nfoll\u00e1ine do mhn\u00e1 sna heaglais\u00ed sin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        T\u00e1 go\nleor brains\u00ed ann den bhfeimineachas agus n\u00ed taise don bhfeimineachas Cr\u00edosta\u00ed\n\u00e9. \u00d3n am gur ligeadh do mhn\u00e1 c\u00farsa\u00ed diagachta a lean\u00faint \u2013 rud a tharla d\u00e9anach\ngo leor in \u00c9irinn \u2013 thosaigh na c\u00e9imithe sin ar s\u00fail \u00far agus dearcadh nua \u00f3n\nbpeirspict\u00edocht bhaineann a chaitheamh ar dhiagacht na hEaglaise. N\u00edor\nf\u00e1ilt\u00edodh rompu ach bh\u00ed toradh ar a gcuid oibre. \u00c1ir\u00edodh iad ina radacaigh, fi\u00fa\nmura rabhadar ach ag t\u00f3g\u00e1il ceisteanna. I Meirice\u00e1 go h\u00e1irithe in institi\u00faid\u00ed\nCaitliceacha, chaill mn\u00e1 radacacha a bpoist n\u00f3 n\u00ed bhfuaireadar ard\u00fa c\u00e9ime n\u00f3\ncoscadh orthu c\u00farsa\u00ed a thabhairt ar an bhfeimineachas Cr\u00edosta\u00ed. N\u00edor chuir sin\nstop leo, \u00e1fach. In \u00c9irinn chomh maith, t\u00e1 diagair\u00ed ban faoi l\u00e1thair a bhfuil\nc\u00e1il orthu (Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing<\/em>, 2002, Iml. IV,\n655-749). Ar nd\u00f3igh, mar a mheabhra\u00edonn Mary T. Malone (Four Women Doctors\nof the Church,<\/em> 2015), t\u00e1 ceathrar ban-naomh \u00e1irithe anois i measc Magisterium<\/em>\nna hEaglaise: Caitr\u00edona Siena (1347-1389) agus Teresa Avila (1515-1582) \u00f3n\nmbliain 1970 faoin bP\u00e1pa P\u00f3l VI; Therese Lisieux (1873-1897) faoi l\u00e1mh an Ph\u00e1pa\nEoin P\u00f3l II sa bhliain 1997; Hildegard Bhingen (1098 \u2013 1179) de thoradh\nchinneadh an Ph\u00e1pa Beinidict XVI m\u00ed Me\u00e1n F\u00f3mhair 2012. Is d\u00edol sp\u00e9ise \u00e9 gur\ntharla an ch\u00e9im seo \u00f3 1970 i leith, nuair a bh\u00ed borradh sa ghluaiseacht nua\nmaidir le mn\u00e1 san Eaglais. Mn\u00e1 naofa ab iad, mn\u00e1 a bhris na rialacha ar\nbhealach, mar chuir an tri\u00far luath, \u00f3n dara go dt\u00ed an s\u00e9\u00fa c\u00e9ad d\u00e9ag (?) <\/strong>,\nteagasc ar a gcomhreiligi\u00fanaigh ban. Luaigh an P\u00e1pa Proinsias an riachtanas at\u00e1\nle diagacht chu\u00ed ban (Amoris Laetitia, <\/em>2016). T\u00e1 t\u00fas maith ar f\u00e1il ach\nt\u00f3gaint air. <\/p>\n\n\n

                            <\/p>\n\n\n

                                       Ag \u00e9ir\u00ed as\nan Dara Comhairle Vatac\u00e1nach, d\u2019eisigh an P\u00e1pa P\u00f3l VI an Missale Romanum<\/em>\nag deireadh na seascaid\u00ed. I measc m\u00f3r\u00e1n athruithe eile, bh\u00ed cead ag tuata\u00ed\nfeasta, fir is mn\u00e1, ceacht an Aifrinn a l\u00e9amh, na bronntanais a thabhairt chun\nan cheili\u00fara\u00ed d\u2019fhonn a sacr\u00e1ile agus p\u00e1irt \u00e1irithe a ghlacadh san homaile. Ina\ntheannta sin, \u00f3s rud \u00e9 nach ndearnadh aon tagairt do chl\u00fadach cinn ar mhn\u00e1,\nb\u2019ionann sin agus aisghairm treoir thraidisi\u00fanta Ph\u00f3il Aspail. Faoi th\u00fas na\nn\u00f3chaid\u00ed ligeadh do chail\u00edn\u00ed bheith ina bhfreastalaithe ar an gceili\u00fara\u00ed ar\nAifreann. Ag t\u00fas na n\u00f3chaid\u00ed chomh maith, d\u2019fh\u00e9ach Eaglais na h\u00c9ireann chun\nleas a bhaint as friotal n\u00edos cuimsith\u00ed agus n\u00edos uileghabh\u00e1la\u00ed ina liot\u00fairge (Search<\/em>,\nSamhradh 2004). Scr\u00edobh an P\u00e1pa Eoin P\u00f3l II an litir thr\u00e9adach Mulieris\nDignitatem<\/em> sa bhliain 1988. M\u00ed an Mheithimh<\/strong> (?) 1995 scr\u00edobh s\u00e9\nlitir oscailte do mhn\u00e1 roimh an gCeathr\u00fa Comhdh\u00e1il Dhomhanda ar Mhn\u00e1 a bh\u00ed\nbeartaithe do Mhe\u00e1n F\u00f3mhair na bliana sin. Ghabh s\u00e9 bu\u00edochas le mn\u00e1 agus ghabh\ns\u00e9 leithsc\u00e9al leo as a bheith imeallaithe san Eaglais. Mar sin f\u00e9in, chuir s\u00e9\nan t-imeall\u00fa sin i gcomhth\u00e9acs luachanna agus oiri\u00fan\u00fa cult\u00fartha i gcoitinne.\nBh\u00ed s\u00e9 (?) <\/strong>an-chinnte chomh maith nach do mhn\u00e1 r\u00f3l an tsagairt in\neacnama\u00edocht shacraiminteach na hEocairiste agus n\u00e1r ch\u00f3ir r\u00f3l an tsagairt mar\nfhear a fheiscint i dt\u00e9arma\u00ed feidhmeanna na socha\u00ed daonna. Lean an Vatac\u00e1in \u00f3\nshin m\u00f3r\u00e1n na teachtaireachta c\u00e9anna ag tagairt d\u2019ardbhuanna agus do ghinias\nsonrach ban. Ag an am c\u00e9anna, n\u00ed sa chleachtadh deabh\u00f3ideach a bh\u00ed suim ag\ngn\u00e1thphar\u00f3iste\u00e1naigh fear in go leor \u00e1iteanna ar domhan, n\u00ed hionann agus na\nmn\u00e1. Tuairisc\u00edtear gur mn\u00e1 is cn\u00e1mh droma na hEaglaise i measc na Maasai san\nAfraic (cine a shamhla\u00edodh Dia na Cr\u00edosta\u00edochta mar bhean). Is eagra\u00edochta\u00ed\ntuata ban a chabhra\u00edonn le riaradh gn\u00f3tha\u00ed par\u00f3iste in \u00e1iteanna i Meicsiceo,\nmar shampla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Ba ghn\u00e9 n\u00edos achranna\u00ed ar fad an t-\u00e9ileamh ar oirni\u00fa ban mar sh\u00e1r\u00fa ar na\nbacanna cothroma\u00edochta a chonacthas i strucht\u00fair phatrarcha na n-eaglais\u00ed\n\u00e9ags\u00fala. Dar le diagair\u00ed \u00e1irithe ban, n\u00edorbh ann d\u00e1 leith\u00e9id de chosc sa\ndiagacht f\u00e9in. Faoi choinn\u00edollacha forghabh\u00e1la na S\u00edne ag na Seap\u00e1naigh, bh\u00ed ar\nEaspag Anglac\u00e1nach Hong Kong bean a oirni\u00fa sa bhliain 1944. Tharraing s\u00ed siar \u00f3\nchleachtadh, \u00e1fach, chuir an Chomaoin Anglac\u00e1nach chomh m\u00f3r ina coinne. Sa\nbhliain 1956 rinne na Meitidistigh bean a oirni\u00fa. Faoi 1980 insealbha\u00edodh\nAnglac\u00e1nach mn\u00e1 ina heaspag. Lean an gn\u00e1s go mall tr\u00edd an gComaoin Anglac\u00e1nach,\ngur tharla in Eaglais na h\u00c9ireann \u00f3 1990 i leith. Chomh luath le 1976, th\u00e1inig\nan doicim\u00e9ad Inter Insigniores<\/em> \u00f3n Vatac\u00e1in ag tabhairt m\u00ednithe ar an\ngcosc san Eaglais Chaitliceach. Cuireadh faoi choinnealbh\u00e1 mn\u00e1 a d\u2019\u00e1irigh iad\nf\u00e9in ina sagairt Chaitliceacha in \u00e1iteanna i Meirice\u00e1 agus san Eoraip. Buna\u00edodh\ncraobh \u00c9ireannach den eagra\u00edocht BASIC<\/em> (Brothers and Sisters in Christ)\ni 1993 agus rinne SOPHIA <\/em>(n\u00f3 EAGNA, an ghn\u00e9 bhaineann de Dhia) pl\u00e9\nan-fhi\u00fantach a \u00e9asc\u00fa. T\u00e1 cuntas an-l\u00e9ir ar chuid de na c\u00farsa\u00ed seo ag Claire\nColette Murphy SHCJ (An Introduction to Christian Feminism<\/em>, 1994). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        In\nainneoin sin uile, leanann an d\u00edosp\u00f3ireacht. Ba cheist na mban a bh\u00ed chun\ntosaigh ag an gc\u00e9ad Shionad in \u00c9irinn le caoga bliain a tharla i nDeoise\nLuimnigh m\u00ed Aibre\u00e1in 2016. Labhair bean rialta agus sagart chomh maith le\ntoscair\u00ed tuata fear is ban ar r\u00f3l leasaithe agus breisithe do mhn\u00e1, mar\nfhreagra ar ghairm an Ph\u00e1pa ar athnuachan san Eaglais. Fanann fadhb le r\u00e9iteach\nf\u00f3s, \u00e1fach. An f\u00e9idir ar thaobh amh\u00e1in an tuiscint eaglasta ar fhreagairt do\n\u2018chomhartha\u00ed na haimsire\u2019 a thabhairt chun r\u00e9itigh sh\u00e1s\u00fail leis na harg\u00f3int\u00ed\nr\u00f3-chasta theib\u00ed ar aon athruithe can\u00f3nda? N\u00ed g\u00e1 gurb ionann athr\u00fa agus\neiriceacht. N\u00f3 an bhfuiltear ag ma\u00edomh go dtuigeann gn\u00e1th-dhiagair\u00ed fear agus\nban, gn\u00e1thdhaoine, f\u00eds an tShl\u00e1naitheora agus aigne D\u00e9?<\/p>\n\n\n

                            <\/p>\n\n\n

                            Helen \u00d3 Murch\u00fa<\/s><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            7 Bealtaine 2016   <\/s><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            An Tiomna Nuadh i dteanga\nlabhartha na ndaoine<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Fearghus \u00d3 Fearghail<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Scr\u00edobhadh an Tiomna Nua (TN) i\ndteanga labhartha na ndaoine (Gr\u00e9igis koin\u00e9<\/em>) sa dara leath den ch\u00e9ad\naois, ach de r\u00e9ir mar a scaip an Chr\u00edosta\u00edocht go h\u00e1iteanna nach raibh an\nGhr\u00e9igis mar theanga na ndaoine iontu, th\u00e1inig \u00e9ileamh ar aistri\u00fach\u00e1in den TN\nn\u00f3 de na soisc\u00e9il n\u00f3 de litreacha \u00e1irithe den TN. Roimh dheireadh an dara c\u00e9ad\nbh\u00ed leagan as a ch\u00e9ile bunaithe ar na Soisc\u00e9il ag muintir na Siria i Siric \u2013 Diatessaron<\/em>\nTatianus (c. 172 CE) – agus bh\u00ed cuid den TN i Laidin san Afraic R\u00f3mh\u00e1nach agus\nb\u2019fh\u00e9idir in Aint\u00edoch chomh maith. Go luath sa ch\u00faigi\u00fa haois n\u00f3 n\u00edos t\u00faisce bh\u00ed\nan TN aistrithe n\u00ed hamh\u00e1in go Laidin agus go Siric, ach go Seoirsis, Coptais,\nAirm\u00e9inis, Aet\u00f3ipis, agus Gotais. Lena chois sin, \u00f3n mbliain 382 bh\u00ed Iar\u00f3m ag\nobair ar leagan athch\u00f3irithe den aistri\u00fach\u00e1n Laidine thar cheann an Ph\u00e1pa\nDamasus agus \u00e9 \u00e1 cheart\u00fa \u00f3n mbunt\u00e9acs Gr\u00e9igise. Bh\u00ed g\u00e9argh\u00e1 leis seo mar s\u00edos\ntr\u00edd na blianta d\u2019\u00e9irigh an-chuid difr\u00edochta\u00ed idir l\u00e1mhscr\u00edbhinn\u00ed \u00e9ags\u00fala\nLaidine den TN. Dar le hIar\u00f3m f\u00e9in bh\u00ed air a bheith ina sh\u00f3rt \u2018breithimh\u2019 ar\nleaganacha den TN a bh\u00ed ann le fada an l\u00e1. Is maith a bh\u00ed a fhios aige c\u00e9 chomh\nconsp\u00f3ideach a d\u2019fh\u00e9adfadh s\u00e9 a bheith t\u00e9acs a cheart\u00fa a raibh aithne mhaith ag\nna daoine air agus go raibh an-chion acu air. N\u00ed fios c\u00e9 mh\u00e9ad a rinne s\u00e9 ach is\nd\u00f3cha n\u00e1r athch\u00f3irigh s\u00e9 ach na Soisc\u00e9il. N\u00edor th\u00e1inig deireadh leis na\ndifr\u00edochta\u00ed t\u00e9acs\u00fala tar \u00e9is obair Iar\u00f3m, \u00e1fach, mar baineadh \u00fas\u00e1id as na\nseanleaganacha chomh maith le leagan Iar\u00f3m ar feadh i bhfad. Chun na f\u00edrinne a\nr\u00e1 chothaigh leagan nua Iar\u00f3m tuilleadh mearbhaill. Th\u00e1inig na fadhbanna seo go\nm\u00f3r chun cinn le linn an Renaissance agus an Reifirm\u00e9isin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            An Tiomna Nua san Eoraip (800-1450)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Sin mar a d\u2019fhan an sc\u00e9al go dt\u00ed\nan nao\u00fa haois nuair a d\u2019aistr\u00edodh an TN go Slavais. Ba mar thoradh ar shaothar Choireall\nagus Methodius a raibh Gr\u00e9igis, Laidin agus Slavais na Macad\u00f3ine acu a deineadh\nan t-aistri\u00fach\u00e1n, agus chum Coireall aib\u00edtir chun \u00e9 a scr\u00edobh. T\u00e1 t\u00e1bhacht mh\u00f3r\ndon litr\u00edocht Shlavach ag baint leis an obair a dhein na misin\u00e9ir\u00ed. Ina dhiaidh\nsin n\u00edor cuireadh leaganacha den TN ina ioml\u00e1ine ar f\u00e1il sna teangacha d\u00fachais\ngo dt\u00ed an tr\u00ed\u00fa haois d\u00e9ag, agus is sa Fhrainc a tharla s\u00e9 ar dt\u00fas, i bP\u00e1ras,\ntimpeall l\u00e1r na haoise, is d\u00f3cha, mar chuid de Bible fran\u00e7aise du XIIIe<\/sup>\nsi\u00e8cle.<\/em> Bh\u00ed cur amach ar an aistri\u00fach\u00e1n sin i dtuaisceart na hIod\u00e1ile go\nluath, agus sa Chaist\u00edl roimh dheireadh an ch\u00e9id agus i Sasana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            I ndeisceart na Gearm\u00e1ine ag an\nam c\u00e9anna bh\u00ed an-\u00e9ileamh ag na Valdaigh go mbeadh an B\u00edobla n\u00f3 cuid de ina\ndteanga f\u00e9in. T\u00e1 tuairisc ann \u00f3 l\u00e1r an tr\u00ed\u00fa haois d\u00e9ag ag c\u00faisti\u00fana\u00ed gan ainm \u00f3\nPassau sa Bhav\u00e1ir go raibh sc\u00e9ala cloiste aige faoi roinnt mhaith daoine a\nraibh an Tiomna Nua ar fad ar eolas acu ina dteanga f\u00e9in, an Ghearm\u00e1inis. Thart\nar 1360 bh\u00ed an B\u00edobla aistrithe go Seicis (B\u00edobla Leskovec). I l\u00e1r na haoise\nc\u00e9anna bh\u00ed an TN aistrithe go Gearm\u00e1inis in Augsburg; agus i ndeireadh an ch\u00e9id\nin N\u00fcrnberg agus in Tepl sa Bhoih\u00e9im. Sa bhliain 1384 aistr\u00edodh an TN go\nhOllainnis agus go h\u00cdseal-Ghearm\u00e1inis. I Sasana ceithre bliana roimhe sin bh\u00ed\naistri\u00fach\u00e1n liteartha den TN \u00f3n Vulg\u00e1id \u00e1 chr\u00edochn\u00fa ag Wycliff. Faoin mbliain\n1384 bh\u00ed an ch\u00e9ad Bh\u00edobla B\u00e9arla ar f\u00e1il. N\u00ed r\u00f3th\u00f3gtha a bh\u00ed na h\u00fadar\u00e1is le\nB\u00edobla Wycliff, mar a tugadh air feasta. Bh\u00ed amhras ag gabh\u00e1il leis toisc go\nraibh baint ag Wycliff agus ag na Lollardaigh leis, agus toisc go raibh s\u00e9 le\nf\u00e1il i dteanga na ndaoine tharl\u00f3dh go mbainfeadh daoine gan oideachas m\u00edbhr\u00ed as\nan t\u00e9acs. Ag Sionad Oxford sa bhliain 1408 chuathas n\u00edos d\u00e9ine in aghaidh an\nBh\u00edobla i dteanga na ndaoine. Ach ina ainneoin sin agus uile leanadh de bheith\nag d\u00e9anamh c\u00f3ipeanna de Bh\u00edobla Wycliff agus de beith \u00e1 scaipeadh. T\u00e1 breis\nagus 150 c\u00f3ip d\u2019eagr\u00e1in \u00e9ags\u00fala den Bh\u00edobla sin ar f\u00e1il i gc\u00f3na\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n

                            <\/p>\n\n\n

                            Maidir le h\u00c9irinn de, n\u00edl aon\nfhianaise ann gur tugadh faoi aistri\u00fach\u00e1n a dh\u00e9anamh ar an TN n\u00f3 ar an mB\u00edobla\nar fad. T\u00e1 gluaiseanna Sean-Ghaeilge ar na soisc\u00e9il le f\u00e1il \u00f3n seacht\u00fa haois i\ngCoid\u00e9acs Usserianus I at\u00e1 i gCol\u00e1iste na Tr\u00edon\u00f3ide, Baile \u00c1tha Cliath, agus \u00e1bhar \u00e1irithe ar bheatha Chr\u00edost i l\u00e1mhscr\u00edbhinn \u00f3n gc\u00faigi\u00fa haois\nd\u00e9ag, an Leabhar Breac, agus i Leabhar Buidhe Leac\u00e1in \u00f3n gceathr\u00fa aois d\u00e9ag\nleis. N\u00edl aon fhianaise ar fhonn a bheith ann an TN a aistri\u00fa go Gaeilge, ach\nbh\u00ed fonn ar dhaoine sna me\u00e1naoiseanna in \u00e1iteanna \u00e9ags\u00fala ar fud na hEorpa an\nB\u00edobla a l\u00e9amh ina dteanga dh\u00fachais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            R\u00e9abhl\u00f3id na Cl\u00f3d\u00f3ireachta<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            I l\u00e1r an ch\u00faigi\u00fa haois d\u00e9ag\nchabhraigh an t-inneall cl\u00f3d\u00f3ireachta go m\u00f3r le cur ar f\u00e1il agus le scaipeadh\nan Bh\u00edobla agus leis an bhflosc chun an B\u00edobla a bheith ag na daoine ina\ndteanga dh\u00fachais. I dtosach cuireadh cl\u00f3 ar aistri\u00fach\u00e1in a bh\u00ed ar f\u00e1il cheana\nf\u00e9in. Timpeall agus deich mbliana i ndiaidh cl\u00f3 a chur ar an gc\u00e9ad Bh\u00edobla i\nLaidin (1456) th\u00e1inig an ch\u00e9ad leagan cl\u00f3bhuailte amach den TN in Strasbourg\n(1466) i dteanga na ndaoine – i nGearm\u00e1inis. Aistri\u00fach\u00e1n focal ar fhocal ar an\nVulg\u00e1id a bh\u00ed ann, aistri\u00fach\u00e1n a deineadh in N\u00fcrnberg san aois roimhe sin. Idir\n1466 agus 1522 tugadh ocht n-eagr\u00e1n d\u00e9ag den Bh\u00edobla amach i nGearm\u00e1inis. Bh\u00ed\nan chuid is m\u00f3 d\u00edobh i gcan\u00faint na hArd-Ghearm\u00e1inise, ach bh\u00ed roinnt d\u00edobh san\n\u00cdseal-Ghearm\u00e1inis. T\u00e1 c\u00f3ip den nao\u00fa heagr\u00e1n ar a dtugtar B\u00edobla Koberger i\nleabharlann Chester Beatty i mBaile \u00c1tha Cliath. Chuir Anton Koberger, athair\nbaist\u00ed Albrecht D\u00fcrer, an t-eagr\u00e1n seo i gcl\u00f3 in N\u00fcrnberg in 1483.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Go gairid i ndiaidh 1460 leath\nr\u00e9abhl\u00f3id na cl\u00f3d\u00f3ireachta \u00f3 dheas go dt\u00ed an Iod\u00e1il, go Subiaco ar dt\u00fas, ansin\ngo dt\u00ed an R\u00f3imh agus ar deireadh go dt\u00ed an Vein\u00e9is, \u00e1it ar cuireadh i gcl\u00f3 an\nch\u00e9ad Bh\u00edobla san Iod\u00e1ilis sa bhliain 1471 – B\u00edobla Malerbi (n\u00f3 Malermi). Anseo\nchomh maith baineadh \u00fas\u00e1id as aistri\u00fach\u00e1n a deineadh i bhfad n\u00edos luaithe – sa\ncheathr\u00fa haois d\u00e9ag. Tharla an rud c\u00e9anna i gc\u00e1s an Tiomna Nua sa tSeicis a\ncuireadh i gcl\u00f3 thart ar 1475 in N\u00fcrnberg. Sa ch\u00e1s sin baineadh \u00fas\u00e1id as leagan\ni bhfad n\u00edos \u00e1rsa, leagan a cearta\u00edodh faoi sh\u00fail gh\u00e9ar Hus thart ar an mbliain\n1412.<\/p>\n\n\n

                            <\/p>\n\n\n

                            Bhain r\u00e9abhl\u00f3id na cl\u00f3d\u00f3ireachta\nan Fhrainc amach \u00e1bhair\u00edn n\u00edos d\u00e9ana\u00ed toisc go raibh an saol suaite sa t\u00edr sin\nsna blianta 1460-70. Is in Lyon, agus n\u00ed i bP\u00e1ras, thart ar 1476-78, a cuireadh\ncl\u00f3 ar an gc\u00e9ad TN Fraincise. Baineadh \u00fas\u00e1id as an leagan a bh\u00ed ar f\u00e1il sa Bible\nFran\u00e7aise du XIIIe <\/sup>si\u00e9cle<\/em>, leagan Fraincise a bh\u00ed ar f\u00e1il i\nl\u00e1mhschribhinn\u00ed \u00f3n tri\u00fa aois d\u00e9ag, agus \u00e9 athch\u00f3irithe. Thart ar 1478 cuireadh i gcl\u00f3 aistri\u00fach\u00e1n den Bh\u00edobla sa Chatal\u00f3inis a\nbuna\u00edodh ar leagan a deineadh n\u00edos t\u00faisce \u00f3n Vulg\u00e1id. Ba iad Bonifacio Ferrer\nagus scol\u00e1ir\u00ed \u00f3 Mhainistir na gCart\u00faiseach in Portaceli sa Sp\u00e1inn a dhein an\nleagan sin \u00f3n Vulg\u00e1id. C\u00e9 gur foils\u00edodh an Sean-Tiomna san Ollainnis in Delft\nsa bhliain 1477, n\u00edor foils\u00edodh an TN sa teanga sin roimh 1522. Sa bhliain sin\nin Antuairp d\u2019fhoilsigh Hans van Ruremonde an ch\u00e9ad eagr\u00e1n den TN san\nOllainnis, leagan nua bunaithe ar an Vulg\u00e1id agus t\u00e9acs Gr\u00e9igise \u00e1 chead\u00fa,\ndeirtear. Cuireadh a l\u00e1n leaganacha \u00e9ags\u00fala den TN agus den Bh\u00edobla go hioml\u00e1n\ni gcl\u00f3 san Ollainnis in Antuairp ina dhiaidh sin sa tsl\u00ed gur \u00e1ir\u00edodh an\nchathair sin ar cheann de mh\u00f3rionaid chl\u00f3d\u00f3ireachta an Bh\u00edobla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Is l\u00e9ir \u00f3n gcuntas seo go raibh\n\u00e9ileamh ar an mB\u00edobla i dteanga na ndaoine ag m\u00e9ad\u00fa ar fud na hEorpa, sa\nGhearm\u00e1in ach go h\u00e1irithe, le teacht na cl\u00f3d\u00f3ireachta. Sa chuid is m\u00f3 de na\nc\u00e1sanna baineadh \u00fas\u00e1id as aistri\u00fach\u00e1in a bh\u00ed le f\u00e1il cheana f\u00e9in, agus deineadh\neagarth\u00f3ireacht orthusan chun iad a dh\u00e9anamh n\u00edos sol\u00e9ite do na daoine. De\nghn\u00e1th ba iad na huaisle a raibh oideachas orthu a l\u00e9adh na haistri\u00fach\u00e1in ach\nt\u00e1 fianaise ann go mb\u00edodh an B\u00edobla le cloiste\u00e1il ina dteanga f\u00e9in ag an\nngn\u00e1thmhuintir. Th\u00edos anseo t\u00e1 t\u00e1bla a thugann athchoimre de na leaganacha den\nTN n\u00f3 den Bh\u00edobla i dteanga na ndaoine a cuireadh i gcl\u00f3 idir 1466 agus 1522,\nan bhliain a d\u2019fhoilsigh Li\u00fatar a aistri\u00fach\u00e1n ar an TN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \n 1466 \n B\u00edobla sa Ghearm\u00e1inis (18 eagr\u00e1n idir 1466 agus 1522) \n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1471 \n B\u00edobla san Iod\u00e1ilis (Malerbi) \n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1475 \n TN sa tSeicis [1487; B\u00edobla, 1488, 1489]\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1478 \n TN sa Fhraincis (1498 eag. Jean de Rely)\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1478 \n TN sa Chatal\u00f3inis\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1480 \n B\u00edobla san \u00cdseal-Ghearm\u00e1inis \n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1522 \n TN san Ollainnis (ST, 1477)\n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n

                            <\/p>\n\n\n

                            Ag f\u00e9achaint ar an liosta thuas, tugtar faoi deara\nnach bhfuil an B\u00e9arla ann. Is ait an rud \u00e9 nach mbeadh an TN n\u00f3 an B\u00edobla i\ngcl\u00f3 i mB\u00e9arla faoin mbliain 1522, nuair a chuimhn\u00edtear go raibh leaganacha\ncl\u00f3ite den TN ar f\u00e1il sa Ghearm\u00e1inis, san Iod\u00e1ilis, sa Fhraincis, san\nOllainnis, sa Chatal\u00f3inis agus sa tSeicis, agus gur thosaigh William Caxton ar\nfheidhm a bhaint as an gcl\u00f3d\u00f3ireacht i Sasana den ch\u00e9ad uair beagnach leathch\u00e9ad\nbliain roimhe sin (1476). Ach is d\u00f3cha go raibh tionchar ag Sionad Oxford \u00f3n\nmbliain 1408 amach ar an staid seo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            An T\u00e9acs Gr\u00e9igise agus leaganacha\nLaidine<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Maidir leis an t\u00e9acs bunaidh\nGr\u00e9igise agus ar na leaganacha Laidine a bh\u00ed ar f\u00e1il d\u2019aistritheoir\u00ed na linne\nseo caithfear dul siar go dt\u00ed an Renaissance a spreag sp\u00e9is as an nua sa\nGhr\u00e9igis agus sa Laidin. Ba \u00e9 Lorenzo Valla (c.1405-1457) an ch\u00e9ad duine is\nd\u00f3cha a d\u2019aithin an g\u00e1 a bh\u00ed le l\u00e9amh critici\u00fail a dh\u00e9anamh ar an Vulg\u00e1id a bh\u00ed\nmar bhunt\u00e9acs na n-aistri\u00fach\u00e1n go dt\u00ed seo. L\u00e9irigh an dara heagr\u00e1n de na n\u00f3ta\u00ed\na scr\u00edobh s\u00e9 sa bhliain 1453 lochtanna a bh\u00ed ar an Vulg\u00e1id ag an am sin i\ngcompar\u00e1id leis an t\u00e9acs bunaidh. N\u00edor foils\u00edodh na n\u00f3ta\u00ed sin go dt\u00ed Bealtaine\n1505 tar \u00e9is d\u2019Erasmus teacht orthu i mainistir Parc sa Lov\u00e1in an bhliain\nroimhe sin. C\u00e9 gur dhein Valla an-chuid oibre ar leagan na Vulg\u00e1ide agus ar an\nt\u00e9acs Gr\u00e9igise n\u00edor dhein s\u00e9 aistri\u00fach\u00e1n ar an TN. Ach b\u2019in \u00e9 d\u00edreach an rud a\ndhein Gianozzo Manetti (1396-1459), scol\u00e1ire Eabhraise agus Gr\u00e9igise a bh\u00ed\ncomhaimseartha le Valla. Ar iarratas \u00f3n bP\u00e1pa Niocl\u00e1s V dhein s\u00e9 aistri\u00fach\u00e1n\nnua Laidine ar an TN \u00f3n nGr\u00e9igis. B\u2019in \u00e9 an ch\u00e9ad aistri\u00fach\u00e1n Laidine den TN \u00f3\naimsir Iar\u00f3m \u2013 ach n\u00edor foils\u00edodh riamh \u00e9. Is d\u00f3cha gur bhraith Manetti go mbeadh\nan iomarca fadhbanna mar thoradh ar aistri\u00fach\u00e1n nua Laidine a chur ar f\u00e1il.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Ba \u00e9 Erasmus, faoi bhr\u00fa an\nchl\u00f3d\u00f3ra mh\u00edfhoighnigh Jean Froben, a d\u2019fhoilsigh an ch\u00e9ad t\u00e9acs cl\u00f3bhuailte\nGr\u00e9igise den TN sa bhliain 1516, agus taobh leis a leagan Laidine f\u00e9in de. B\u2019in\n\u00e9 an ch\u00e9ad leagan nua Laidine a foils\u00edodh \u00f3 aimsir Iar\u00f3m. D\u2019fhoilsigh Erasmus\nn\u00f3ta\u00ed agus parafr\u00e1s\u00e1il chun a chuid aistri\u00fach\u00e1n nua a chosaint. Thug s\u00e9 ceithre\neagr\u00e1n eile den TN amach ina dhiaidh sin (1519, 1522, 1527, 1535). Sa bhliain\n1522 th\u00e1inig B\u00edobla Ilteangach Complutensis amach ar deireadh thiar, tar \u00e9is\ncead a fh\u00e1il \u00f3n R\u00f3imh, agus bh\u00ed tionchar aige ar eagr\u00e1in n\u00edos d\u00e9ana\u00ed de TN\nErasmus. Bhain Colinaeus (Simon de Colines) \u00fas\u00e1id as eagr\u00e1in \u00e9ags\u00fala Erasmus\nagus as an TN Complutensis agus as l\u00e1mhscr\u00edbhinn\u00ed eile den TN don eagr\u00e1n\n\u2018critici\u00fail\u2019 a d\u2019fhoilsigh s\u00e9 sa bhliain 1534. D\u2019fhoilsigh Robertus Stephanus\n(Robert Estienne) eagr\u00e1n nua den TN sa bhliain 1546, agus \u00e9 bunaithe aige ar an\ngc\u00faigi\u00fa heagr\u00e1n \u00f3 Erasmus agus ar an TN Complutensis. D\u2019fhoilsigh s\u00e9 eagr\u00e1in\neile sna blianta 1549 agus 1550. An bhliain dar gcionn d\u2019athfhoilsigh s\u00e9 eagr\u00e1n\n1550 ach an uair seo ina v\u00e9arsa\u00ed. B\u2019in \u00e9 an ch\u00e9ad uair a deineadh roinnt agus\nuimhri\u00fa ina v\u00e9arsa\u00ed laistigh de gach caibidil, agus t\u00e1 an leagan amach sin a\nbheag n\u00f3 a mh\u00f3r i bhfeidhm \u00f3 shin i leith.<\/p>\n\n\n

                            <\/p>\n\n\n

                            Chuir Th\u00e9odore de B\u00e8ze (Beza)\nleagan nua Laidine den TN ar f\u00e1il mar aon le n\u00f3ta\u00ed sa bhliain 1557. Fear \u00e9 a\nraibh cl\u00fa air sa Fhrainc agus sa Ghin\u00e9iv i gc\u00farsa\u00ed an Reifirm\u00e9isin, cara le\nCailv\u00edn agus \u00e9 ina chomharba air sa Ghin\u00e9iv. D\u2019fhoilsigh s\u00e9 eagr\u00e1in\nGhr\u00e9igise-Laidine den TN sna blianta 1565, 1582, 1588 agus 1598. Bh\u00ed tionchar\nm\u00f3r ag leagan Laidine B\u00e8ze agus a chuid n\u00f3ta\u00ed ar Bh\u00edobla B\u00e9arla na Gin\u00e9ive agus\nar leaganacha eile, an leagan Breatnaise agus an leagan Gaeilge san \u00e1ireamh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Li\u00fatar agus a thionchar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Sa bhliain 1522 d\u2019fhoilsigh\nM\u00e1rtan Li\u00fatar aistri\u00fach\u00e1n Gearm\u00e1inise den TN \u2013 an Septembertestament<\/em>.\nC\u00e9im fh\u00edorth\u00e1bhachtach i stair aistri\u00fach\u00e1in an TN sa teanga dh\u00fachais a bh\u00ed\nansin. S\u00e1rscr\u00edbhneoir sa Ghearm\u00e1inis ba ea Li\u00fatar agus d\u2019\u00e9irigh leis bheith ina\nsh\u00e1r-aistritheoir de r\u00e9ir a ch\u00e9ile. Chuir s\u00e9 chuige scr\u00edobh i dteanga na\nndaoine – agus d\u2019\u00e9irigh thar barr leis. Bhain s\u00e9 \u00fas\u00e1id as t\u00e9acs Gr\u00e9igise agus\nleagan Laidine Erasmus, agus as an Vulg\u00e1id a raibh aithne mhaith aige uirthi,\nagus is d\u00f3cha go raibh cur amach aige ar na haistri\u00fach\u00e1in Ghearm\u00e1inise a bh\u00ed ar\nf\u00e1il san am sin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Spreag aistri\u00fach\u00e1n Li\u00fatair\nraidhse mh\u00f3r aistri\u00fach\u00e1n i dteangacha \u00e9ags\u00fala na hEorpa – mar at\u00e1 l\u00e9irithe\nth\u00edos. Protast\u00fanaigh a dhein an chuid is m\u00f3 d\u00edobh. Bh\u00ed tionchar ag leagan\nLi\u00fatair ar roinnt mhaith de na haistri\u00fach\u00e1in sin, n\u00ed hamh\u00e1in ar aistri\u00fach\u00e1in\nsan Ollainnis, sa Danmhairgis agus sa tSualainnis ach ar aistri\u00fach\u00e1n Tyndale\nchomh maith, agus \u00f3 leagan Tyndale ar gach leagan B\u00e9arla den TN ina dhiaidh\nsin. L\u00e9ir\u00edonn an t\u00e1bla th\u00edos an m\u00e9id aistri\u00fach\u00e1n a deineadh sa tr\u00e9imhse\n1522-1611 mar aon leis an tionchar a d\u2019imir leagan Li\u00fatair ar roinnt mhaith\nacu. I gc\u00e1sanna \u00e1irithe bh\u00ed tionchar ag an TN n\u00f3 ag an mB\u00edobla ar theanga agus\nlitr\u00edocht na t\u00edre \u2013 sa Bh\u00e9arla, sa Ghearm\u00e1inis, sa Danmhairgis, sa tSeicis,\nagus san \u00cdoslainnis, mar shampla. F\u00e9ach ar an t\u00e1bla th\u00edos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \n 1522 TN\n Li\u00fatair, bunaithe ar an nGr\u00e9igis, ar leagan Laidine Erasmus, agus ar an\n Vulg\u00e1id\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1523 TN\n Ollainnise, bunaithe ar leagan Li\u00fatair\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1523 TN\n sa Fhraincis (Lef\u00e8vre d\u2019\u00c9taples), bunaithe ar an Vulg\u00e1id\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1524 TN\n Danmhairgise, bunaithe ar leagan Li\u00fatair agus ar leagan Erasmus \n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n   \n 1526 TN Sualainnise, bunaithe ar leagan Li\u00fatair, ar Laidin Erasmus agus ar an\n Vulg\u00e1id\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1526 TN\n B\u00e9arla Tyndale, tionchar ag leagan Li\u00fatair air\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1527 TN\n Gearm\u00e1inise (Caitliceach), bunaithe ar leagan Li\u00fatair \n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1530 TN\n Iod\u00e1ilise (Brucioli; An B\u00edobla Iod\u00e1ilise, 1532)\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1533 TN\n Seicise, \u00f3 Laidin Erasmus\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n   \n 1535 B\u00edobla B\u00e9arla Coverdale \u2013 TN bunaithe ar leagan Tyndale agus ar leagan\n Li\u00fatair\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1535 TN\n Fraincise Olivetan bunaithe ar leagan Lef\u00e8vre d\u2019\u00c9taples, Erasmus, TN\n Iod\u00e1ilise (Brucioli).\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1539 An\n B\u00edobla M\u00f3r (Coverdale) \u2013 \u201cceaptha chun \u00fas\u00e1ide in Eaglais\u00ed\u201d (TN bunaithe ar\n leagan Tyndale)\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1540 TN\n \u00cdoslainnise, bunaithe ar leagan Li\u00fatair agus ar an Vulg\u00e1id \n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1541 TN\n Ung\u00e1irise, \u00f3n nGr\u00e9igis\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1543 TN\n Caist\u00edlise, \u00f3n nGr\u00e9igis\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1548:\n TN Fionlainnise, \u00f3n nGr\u00e9igis, le cabhair \u00f3n Vulg\u00e1id agus \u00f3 leaganacha\n Gearm\u00e1inise agus Sualainnise\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1548 TN\n Soirbise\/Veindise, bunaithe ar leagan Li\u00fatair, ar an Vulg\u00e1id, agus ar an\n leagan Nua Seicise\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1553 TN\n Polainnise \u00f3n nGr\u00e9igis, \u00f3n Laidin agus \u00f3 leaganacha eile\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1555 TN\n Sp\u00e1innise (B\u00edobla, 1569); TN athch\u00f3irithe 1596 (de Valera)\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1557 TN\n Leagan B\u00e9arla na Gin\u00e9ive, athch\u00f3iri\u00fa ar Tyndale faoi an\u00e1il B\u00e8ze; B\u00edobla na\n Gin\u00e9ive (BG), 1560: 70 eagr\u00e1n 1560-1644\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1560 TN\n Romainise san Eilv\u00e9is, \u00f3n Vulg\u00e1id agus \u00f3 leaganacha eile\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1563 TN\n Cr\u00f3itise, \u00f3 leagan Laidine Erasmus, \u00f3 leagan Li\u00fatair, le cabhair \u00f3  \n leaganacha eile\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1564 TN\n Seicise \u00f3n nGr\u00e9igis [1579-93, Bible Kralick\u00e1<\/em>, tionchar ar an teanga]\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1568\n B\u00edobla B\u00e9arla na nEaspag (BE); TN faoi an\u00e1il Tyndale \n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1570 TN\n Bealar\u00faisise\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1571 TN\n Bascaise, bunaithe ar leagan Fraincise Olivetan\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1577 TN\n Sl\u00f3iv\u00e9inise, \u00f3 leaganacha Laidine, Gearm\u00e1inise agus Iod\u00e1ilise.\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1581 TN\n Slav\u00f3inise\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1582 TN\n Douai, Rheims (B\u00e9arla), \u00f3n Vulg\u00e1id, le cabhair \u00f3n nGr\u00e9igis\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1599 TN\n Eabhraise, N\u00fcrnberg\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1611\n B\u00edobla R\u00ed S\u00e9amas BRS (B\u00e9arla)\n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n

                            <\/p>\n\n\n

                            Mar a fheicimid \u00f3n t\u00e1bla seo \u00f3 aimsir Li\u00fatair go dt\u00ed\ndeireadh an ch\u00e9id aistr\u00edodh an TN go thart ar fhiche teanga san Eoraip –\nteangacha m\u00f3ra agus teangacha mionlach de leith\u00e9id Romainise san Eilv\u00e9is, chomh\nleis an Bhascais, an mBreatnais, leis an tSoirbis (n\u00e1r cl\u00f3bhuaileadh \u00e1fach),\nagus sa bhliain 1599, leis an Eabhrais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Li\u00fatair agus a thionchar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Sa bhliain 1522 d\u2019fhoilsigh\nM\u00e1rtan Li\u00fatar aistri\u00fach\u00e1n Gearm\u00e1inise den TN \u2013 an Septembertestament<\/em>.\nC\u00e9im fh\u00edorth\u00e1bhachtach i stair aistri\u00fach\u00e1in an TN sa teanga dh\u00fachais a bh\u00ed\nansin. S\u00e1rscr\u00edbhneoir sa Ghearm\u00e1inis ba ea Li\u00fatar agus d\u2019\u00e9irigh leis bheith ina\nsh\u00e1r-aistritheoir de r\u00e9ir a ch\u00e9ile. Chuir s\u00e9 chuige scr\u00edobh i dteanga na\nndaoine – agus d\u2019\u00e9irigh thar barr leis. Bhain s\u00e9 \u00fas\u00e1id as t\u00e9acs Gr\u00e9igise agus\nleagan Laidine Erasmus, agus as an Vulg\u00e1id a raibh aithne mhaith aige uirthi,\nagus is d\u00f3cha go raibh cur amach aige ar na haistri\u00fach\u00e1in Ghearm\u00e1inise a bh\u00ed ar\nf\u00e1il ag an t-am sin.[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Spreag aistri\u00fach\u00e1n Li\u00fatair\nraidhse mh\u00f3r aistri\u00fach\u00e1n i dteangacha \u00e9ags\u00fala na hEorpa – mar at\u00e1 le feice\u00e1il\nth\u00edos. Protast\u00fanaigh a dhein an chuid is m\u00f3 d\u00edobh. Bh\u00ed tionchar ag leagan\nLi\u00fatair ar roinnt mhaith de na haistri\u00fach\u00e1in sin, n\u00ed hamh\u00e1in ar aistri\u00fach\u00e1in\nsan Ollainnis, sa Danmhairgis agus sa tSualainnis ach ar aistri\u00fach\u00e1n Tyndale\nchomh maith, agus \u00f3 leagan Tyndale ar gach leagan B\u00e9arla den TN ina dhiaidh\nsin. L\u00e9ir\u00edonn an t\u00e1bla th\u00edos an m\u00e9id aistri\u00fach\u00e1n a deineadh sa tr\u00e9imhse\n1522-1611 mar aon leis an tionchar a d\u2019imir leagan Li\u00fatair ar roinnt mhaith\nacu. I gc\u00e1sanna \u00e1irithe bh\u00ed tionchar ag an TN n\u00f3 ag an mB\u00edobla ar theanga agus\nlitr\u00edocht na t\u00edre \u2013 sa Bh\u00e9arla, sa Ghearm\u00e1inis, sa Danmhairgis, sa tSeicis,\nagus san \u00cdoslainnis, mar shampla. F\u00e9ach ar an t\u00e1bla th\u00edos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \n 1522 TN\n Li\u00fatair, bunaithe ar an nGr\u00e9igis, ar leagan Laidine Erasmus, agus ar an\n Vulg\u00e1id\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1523 TN\n Ollainnise, bunaithe ar leagan Li\u00fatair\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1523 TN\n sa Fhraincis (Lef\u00e8vre d\u2019\u00c9taples), bunaithe ar an Vulg\u00e1id\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1524 TN\n Danmhairgise, bunaithe ar leagan Li\u00fatair agus Laidin Erasmus \n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n   \n 1526 TN Sualainnise, bunaithe ar leagan Li\u00fatair, Laidin Erasmus agus an\n Vulg\u00e1id\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1526 TN\n B\u00e9arla Tyndale, tionchar ag leagan Li\u00fatair air\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1527 TN\n Gearm\u00e1inise (Caitliceach), bunaithe ar leagan Li\u00fatair \n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1530 TN\n Iod\u00e1ilise (Brucioli; An B\u00edobla Iod\u00e1ilise, 1532)\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1533 TN\n Seicise, \u00f3 Laidin Erasmus\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n   \n 1535 B\u00edobla B\u00e9arla Coverdale \u2013 TN bunaithe ar leagan Tyndale agus leagan\n Li\u00fatair\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1535 TN\n Fraincise \u00f3 Olivetan bunaithe ar leagan Lef\u00e8vre d\u2019\u00c9taples, Erasmus, TN\n Iod\u00e1ilise (Brucioli).\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1539 An\n B\u00edobla M\u00f3r (Coverdale) \u2013 \u201cceaptha chun \u00fas\u00e1ide in Eaglais\u00ed\u201d (TN bunaithe ar\n leagan Tyndale)\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1540 TN\n \u00cdoslainnise, bunaithe ar leagan Li\u00fatair agus ar an Vulg\u00e1id \n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1541 TN\n Ung\u00e1irise, \u00f3n nGr\u00e9igis\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1543 TN\n Caist\u00edlise, \u00f3n nGr\u00e9igis\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1548:\n TN Fionlainnise, \u00f3n nGr\u00e9igis, le cabhair \u00f3n Vulg\u00e1id agus \u00f3 leaganacha\n Gearm\u00e1inise agus Sualainnise\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1548 TN\n Soirbise\/Veindise, bunaithe ar leagan Li\u00fatair, ar an Vulg\u00e1id, TN Seicise\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1553 TN\n Polainnise \u00f3n nGr\u00e9igis, Laidin agus leaganacha eile\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1555 TN\n Sp\u00e1innise (B\u00edobla, 1569); TN athch\u00f3irithe 1596 (de Valera)\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1557 TN\n Leagan B\u00e9arla na Gin\u00e9ive, athch\u00f3iri\u00fa ar Tyndale faoi an\u00e1il B\u00e8ze; B\u00edobla na\n Gin\u00e9ive (BG), 1560: 70 eagr\u00e1n 1560-1644\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1560 TN\n Romainise san Eilv\u00e9is, \u00f3n Vulg\u00e1id agus leaganacha eile\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1563 TN\n Cr\u00f3itise, \u00f3 leagan Laidine Erasmus, \u00f3 leagan Li\u00fatair, le cabhair \u00f3  \n leaganacha eile\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1564 TN\n Seicise \u00f3n nGr\u00e9igis [1579-93, Bible Kralick\u00e1<\/em>, tionchar ar an teanga]\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1568\n B\u00edobla B\u00e9arla na nEaspag (BE); TN faoi an\u00e1il Tyndale \n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1570 TN\n Bealar\u00faisise\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1571 TN\n Bascaise, bunaithe ar leagan Fraincise Olivetan\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1577 TN\n Sl\u00f3iv\u00e9inise, \u00f3 leaganacha Laidine, Gearm\u00e1inise agus Iod\u00e1ilise.\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1581 TN\n Slav\u00f3inise\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1582 TN\n Douai, Rheims (B\u00e9arla), \u00f3n Vulg\u00e1id, le cabhair \u00f3n nGr\u00e9igis\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1599 TN\n Eabhraise, N\u00fcrnberg\n <\/td><\/tr>
                            \n 1611\n B\u00edobla R\u00ed S\u00e9amas BRS (B\u00e9arla)\n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n

                            <\/p>\n\n\n

                            Mar a fheicimid \u00f3n t\u00e1bla seo \u00f3 aimsir Li\u00fatair go\ndt\u00ed deireadh an ch\u00e9id aistr\u00edodh an TN go thart ar fhiche teanga san Eoraip – teangacha\nm\u00f3ra agus teangacha mionlach mar Romainis san Eilv\u00e9is, an Bhascais, an\nBhreatnais, an tSoirbis (n\u00e1r cl\u00f3bhuaileadh \u00e1fach), agus sa bhliain 1599, an\nEabhrais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            An TN i mB\u00e9arla in \u00c9irinn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u00d3n t\u00e1bla thuas feictear na\nhaistri\u00fach\u00e1in B\u00e9arla a bh\u00ed ar f\u00e1il i Sasana agus is d\u00f3cha in \u00c9irinn sa se\u00fa\nhaois d\u00e9ag. Maidir leis na haistri\u00fach\u00e1in den TN a d\u2019fh\u00e9adfadh a bheith in \u00fas\u00e1id\nag na scol\u00e1ir\u00ed a d\u2019aistrigh an TN go Gaeilge idir 1571 agus 1602\/3, bh\u00ed\nt\u00e1bhacht ar leith ag baint le TN B\u00e9arla Tyndale (1526) toisc go raibh tionchar\nm\u00f3r aige ar gach aistri\u00fach\u00e1n B\u00e9arla den TN a th\u00e1inig ina dhiaidh. Ach is m\u00f3 an\nt\u00e1bhacht a bh\u00ed ag baint le TN B\u00e9arla na Gin\u00e9ive a foils\u00edodh sa bhliain 1557\nagus sa bhliain 1560 mar chuid de Bh\u00edobla B\u00e9arla na Gin\u00e9ive. Sasanaigh a bh\u00ed ar\ndeora\u00edocht sa Ghin\u00e9iv a dhein \u00e9 agus bh\u00ed an leagan seo go m\u00f3r faoi an\u00e1il leagan\nB\u00e8ze. B\u2019in \u00e9 an leagan B\u00e9arla ba mh\u00f3 a bh\u00edodh \u00e1 l\u00e9amh ag lucht an Bh\u00e9arla go\nceann i bhfad. Bheife\u00e1 ag s\u00fail go mbeadh aithne mhaith agus cion faoi leith ar\nBh\u00edobla na Gin\u00e9ive ag aistritheoir\u00ed a dhein a gcuid staid\u00e9ir in Cambridge, n\u00ed\nhamh\u00e1in toisc gurbh \u00e9 an ceann ba mh\u00f3 a bh\u00ed \u00e1 l\u00e9amh lena linn, ach freisin\ntoisc go raibh baint ag an nGin\u00e9iv agus ag leith\u00e9id\u00ed Chailv\u00edn agus B\u00e8ze leis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Bh\u00ed dh\u00e1 leagan eile den Bh\u00edobla\nB\u00e9arla a bhf\u00e9adfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar aistritheoir\u00ed Gaeilge an TN, is \u00e9\nsin an B\u00edobla a chuir Miles Coverdale in eagar sa bhliain 1539 den ch\u00e9ad uair, agus B\u00edobla na nEaspag \u00f3n mbliain 1568. Tugadh an B\u00edobla M\u00f3r ar an gc\u00e9ad\ncheann d\u00edobh sin agus bh\u00ed s\u00e9 \u201cceaptha chun \u00fas\u00e1ide in eaglais\u00ed\u201d, mar at\u00e1 scr\u00edofa\ni leathanach teidil an dara heagr\u00e1n (1540).  B\u2019in\n\u00e9 an B\u00edobla arbh \u00e9 \u201cthe largest volume in England\u201d \u00e9 agus ar ch\u00f3ir \u00e9 a bheith\nin eaglais\u00ed na r\u00edochta de r\u00e9ir fol\u00e1irimh \u00f3 Thomas Cromwell, pr\u00edomh-aire Anra\u00ed\nVIII, sa bhliain 1538, fol\u00e1ireamh a deineadh a athnuachan i dtosach r\u00e9imeas\n\u00c9adbhaird agus r\u00e9imeas Eil\u00edse.  Le linn r\u00e9imeas Mh\u00e1ire,\nd\u2019fhan s\u00e9 mar leagan \u00fadaraithe. Is d\u00f3cha gur f\u00e9idir glacadh leis gurbh \u00e9 sin an\nB\u00edobla a bh\u00ed in \u00fas\u00e1id i dTeampall Ph\u00e1draig i mBaile \u00c1tha Cliath agus in\neaglais\u00ed Protast\u00fanacha eile in \u00c9irinn agus i Sasana \u00f3 1539 n\u00f3 mar sin anuas go dt\u00ed\n1568 ar a laghad. Agus bh\u00ed sleachta as an mB\u00edobla M\u00f3r le cloiste\u00e1il agus iad \u00e1\nl\u00e9amh as Leabhar na hUrna\u00ed Coitinne <\/em>ag an gComaoineach gach Domhnach\nagus gach f\u00e9ile. Caithfidh go raibh aithne mhaith ag na haistritheoir\u00ed Gaeilge\nair \u00f3 bheith ag \u00e9isteacht leis san eaglais. Ach \u00f3s rud \u00e9 gurbh athch\u00f3iri\u00fa \u00e9 TN\nan Bh\u00edobla Mh\u00f3ir de TN Tyndale agus go bhfuil an-chos\u00falacht eatarthu, t\u00e1 s\u00e9\nan-deacair a aithint c\u00e9 acu a d\u2019fh\u00e9adfadh a bheith in \u00fas\u00e1id in aon ch\u00e1s ina\nmb\u00edonn na leaganacha ar aon dul lena ch\u00e9ile. Is \u00e9 an B\u00edobla M\u00f3r an ceann is\nd\u00f3ch\u00fala, \u00e1fach, sna c\u00e1sanna sin.<\/p>\n\n\n

                            <\/p>\n\n\n

                            Bheadh B\u00edobla eile B\u00e9arla ar\naithne ag na haistritheoir\u00ed Gaeilge, is \u00e9 sin B\u00edobla na nEaspag, a chuir\neaspaig Shasana ar f\u00e1il sa bhliain 1568. Bh\u00ed cuid \u00e1irithe de na heaspaig\np\u00e1irteach san aistri\u00fach\u00e1n. Athch\u00f3iri\u00fa ar an mB\u00edobla M\u00f3r a bh\u00ed i gceist. Is \u00e9 an\nintinn a bh\u00ed laistiar den athch\u00f3iri\u00fa sin dul i ngleic le laige an Bh\u00edobla Mh\u00f3ir\n\u00f3 thaobh amh\u00e1in de, agus an spiorad Cailv\u00edneach a bh\u00ed i n\u00f3ta\u00ed Bh\u00edobla na\nGin\u00e9ive a sheachaint, \u00f3n taobh eile de. Measadh nach raibh B\u00edobla na nEaspag\nchomh maith mar aistri\u00fach\u00e1n le B\u00edobla na Gin\u00e9ive, agus c\u00e9 gur foils\u00edodh naoi\nn-eagr\u00e1n d\u00e9ag de idir 1568 agus 1606 agus aon eagr\u00e1n d\u00e9ag den TN n\u00edor th\u00f3g s\u00e9\n\u00e1it Bh\u00edobla na Gin\u00e9ive i measc na ndaoine. Mar sin\nf\u00e9in bheife\u00e1 ag s\u00fail go mbeadh cur amach ag na haistritheoir\u00ed Gaeilge ar\nBh\u00edobla na nEaspag.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Caiticiosma na hEaglaise\nCaitlic\u00ed<\/em><\/strong> agus <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Dara Comhairle na Vatac\u00e1ine<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Donncha \u00d3 hAodha<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            1. 1.R\u00e9amhr\u00e1:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                              Ar an 8\u00fa l\u00e1 Nollaig 2015 cheili\u00far\nan Eaglais cothrom caoga bliain \u00f3 d\u00fanadh Dara Comhairle na Vatac\u00e1ine. T\u00e1 s\u00e9\ndearbhaithe ag an bP\u00e1pa Proinsias go gcuirfear t\u00fas le Iubhaile na Tr\u00f3caire ar\nan \u00f3c\u00e1id ch\u00e9anna seo. Sa bhliain 2017 ceili\u00farfar cothrom c\u00faig bliana is fiche \u00f3\nfhoilsi\u00fa Caiticiosma na hEaglaise Caitlic\u00ed (CEC)<\/em>, caiticiosma\nuilechoiteann na hEaglaise, a eis\u00edodh ar an 11\u00fa l\u00e1 de Dheireadh F\u00f3mhair 1992,\ncothrom tr\u00edocha bliain \u00f3 oscailt Dara Comhairle na Vatac\u00e1ine. D\u2019fhoilsigh Naomh\nEoin P\u00f3l II an Caiticiosma leis an Reacht Aspalda Fidei Depositum<\/em> (FD)\n\u201car \u00f3c\u00e1id foilsithe Caiticiosma na hEaglaise Caitlic\u00ed<\/em> a ullmha\u00edodh i\nndiaidh an Dara Comhairle \u00c9ac\u00faim\u00e9ineach de chuid na Vatac\u00e1ine\u201d (mar a\nl\u00e9itear i bhfotheideal an Reachta Aspalda). Sa doicim\u00e9ad \u00fadar\u00e1sach seo l\u00e9ir\u00edonn\nan tAthair Naofa nascanna \u00e9ags\u00fala idir an Caiticiosma agus Comhairle na\nVatac\u00e1ine. Taispe\u00e1ineann s\u00e9 i nd\u00e1ir\u00edre gur toradh \u00e9 an Caiticiosma seo, an\nCaiticiosma is leithne agus is doimhne agus is saibhre i stair na hEaglaise, ar\nDhara Comhairle na Vatac\u00e1ine.<\/p>\n\n\n

                              <\/p>\n\n\n

                              Is \u00e9 at\u00e1 i gceist sna focla seo a leanas n\u00e1\niarracht ar roinnt gn\u00e9ithe den gcaidreamh bun\u00fasach idir an Chomhairle agus an\nCaiticiosma a chur i l\u00e1thair. Is f\u00e9idir a r\u00e1 go bhfuil an Caiticiosma doscartha\n\u00f3n gComhairle, \u00f3 thaobh stair an Chaiticiosma, chomh maith lena \u00e1bhar agus a\nst\u00edl agus a chusp\u00f3ir. I mbeag\u00e1n focal, n\u00ed bheadh CEC ann gan an Dara Chomhairle\nde chuid na Vatac\u00e1ine. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              Is f\u00e9idir b\u00e9im a leagan ar phointe amh\u00e1in\nl\u00e1ithreach bonn : Nuair a d\u00e9antar staid\u00e9ar ar stair an Chaiticiosma agus ar an\npr\u00f3iseas inar cuireadh le ch\u00e9ile \u00e9, ar a \u00e1bhar, a st\u00edl agus a shaintr\u00e9ithe, is\nl\u00e9ir go mbaineann an t\u00e9acs seo le pr\u00edomh-aidhm na Comhairle: is \u00e9 sin le r\u00e1, an\ntsoisc\u00e9ala\u00edocht<\/strong>, faoi mar a dhearbhaigh an P\u00e1pa Naomh Eoin XXIII san\naitheasc c\u00e1ili\u00fail a thug s\u00e9 ag oscailt na Comhairle i 1962. \u201cBa \u00e9 ba intinn\nagus ba mhian leis an Chomhairle, misi\u00fan aspalda tr\u00e9adach na hEaglaise a chur i\nbhf\u00e1th, agus an cine daonna ar fad, tr\u00ed fh\u00edrinne lonrach an tSoisc\u00e9il, a\nthabhairt chun gr\u00e1 Chr\u00edost a lorg agus a ghlacadh, an gr\u00e1 at\u00e1 os cionn\ntuisceana (cf. Eif. 3,19)\u201d (FD, R\u00e9amhr\u00e1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              1. 2.Stair an CEC agus Dara\n Comhairle na Vatac\u00e1ine<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                2.1: R\u00e9amhstair CEC:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u00d3 aimsir na Comhairle anonn is \u00ed an tsoisc\u00e9ala\u00edocht\nat\u00e1 mar phr\u00edomh-th\u00e9ama ag magisterium na hEaglaise. Is mar sin at\u00e1 f\u00f3s. Is leor\nsmaoineamh ar Litir Aspalda fh\u00edor-shuntasach an Ph\u00e1pa Proinsias, Evangelii\nGaudium<\/em> de chuid na bliana 2013. Roimhe sin is f\u00e9idir cuimhni\u00fa ar na\nsionaid go l\u00e9ir a bh\u00ed ann in aimsir an Ph\u00e1pa Eoin P\u00f3l II ag pl\u00e9 c\u00farsa\u00ed\nsoisc\u00e9ala\u00edochta, chomh maith leis an teagasc ar fad a thug s\u00e9 ar an t\u00e9ama seo,\nach go h\u00e1irithe an imlitir Redemptoris Missio<\/em> sa bhliain 1990. Le\nblianta beaga anuas t\u00e1 \u00f3c\u00e1id\u00ed agus tionscnaimh nua \u00e1 gcur ar bun chun an\ntsoisc\u00e9ala\u00edocht a chur chun cinn, mar shampla Laethanta Domhanda na h\u00d3ige agus\nLaethanta Domhanda na Clainne. T\u00e1 strucht\u00fair nua ann chomh maith, ar n\u00f3s an\nChomhairle Ph\u00e1p\u00fail don Nua-Shoisc\u00e9ala\u00edocht a bhunaigh an P\u00e1pa Beinidicht XVI sa\nbhliain 2010. Baineann CEC leis an m\u00f3r-iarracht seo chun an creideamh a\nfh\u00f3gairt i st\u00edl dhearfach sa l\u00e1 at\u00e1 inniu ann. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                T\u00e1 s\u00e9 t\u00e1bhachtach machnamh a dh\u00e9anamh chomh maith\nar na blianta d\u00edreach i ndiaidh na Comhairle chun stair an Chaiticiosma a\nthuiscint. Bh\u00ed an tr\u00ed\u00fa tion\u00f3l ginear\u00e1lta de Shionad na nEaspag i 1974 d\u00edrithe\nar th\u00e9ama na Soisc\u00e9ala\u00edochta, agus ba mar thoradh ar an dtion\u00f3l seo a scr\u00edobh\nP\u00f3l VI Beannaithe an doicim\u00e9ad iontach Evangelii Nuntiandi<\/em> (1975). <\/p>\n\n\n

                                <\/p>\n\n\n

                                An t\u00e9ama a bh\u00ed ag Sionad na nEaspag i 1977 n\u00e1 an\nchaitic\u00e9is. Bh\u00ed an-t\u00e1bhacht ag baint leis an Aitheasc Aspalda, Catechesi\nTradendae<\/em> (1979), a d\u2019eascair \u00f3n tion\u00f3l seo, n\u00ed amh\u00e1in mar gur oibrigh\ntri\u00far P\u00e1pa ar an dt\u00e9acs, ach go m\u00f3r mh\u00f3r toisc an bh\u00e9im a cuireadh ann ar\nl\u00e1rnacht Chr\u00edost sa chaitic\u00e9is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                Sna blianta a lean an Chomhairle d\u00e9anadh an-chuid\nt\u00e1st\u00e1il agus turgnamh chun teacht ar ch\u00f3rais agus beala\u00ed nua le haghaidh na\ncaitic\u00e9ise. Bh\u00ed buanna \u00e1irithe ag baint leis seo, mar shampla sa mh\u00e9id gur\nbaineadh \u00fas\u00e1id as teicn\u00edc\u00ed oili\u00fana nua. In \u00e1iteacha \u00e9ags\u00fala \u00e1fach cuireadh b\u00e9im\nn\u00edos m\u00f3 ar an gc\u00f3ras m\u00fainte agus ar an modheola\u00edocht seachas ar shubstaint an\nchreidimh f\u00e9in. Leagadh an-bh\u00e9im freisin ar thaith\u00ed an duine agus an\nchomhluadair. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                Ach bh\u00ed fadhbanna ag baint leis seo, go m\u00f3r mh\u00f3r\nnuair a chonacthas go raibh n\u00edos l\u00fa eolais chruinn ag Caitlicigh ar a\ngcreideamh, ar bhunaltanna an Chr\u00e9. Bh\u00ed an tuairim ann fi\u00fa amh\u00e1in n\u00e1rbh fh\u00e9idir\nan chaitic\u00e9is a dh\u00e9anamh n\u00edos m\u00f3, agus i r\u00e9ims\u00ed \u00e1irithe d\u00e9anadh d\u00edspeagadh ar\nchoincheapanna n\u00f3 t\u00e9arma\u00ed ar n\u00f3s \u201cdogma\u201d no \u201cfoirceadal\u201d (doctrina<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                           (Is t\u00e9ama\nleathan agus casta \u00e9 seo, agus n\u00ed f\u00e9idir \u00e9 a phl\u00e9 i gcear san \u00e1it seo. Mar sin\nf\u00e9in, t\u00e1 a fhios againn go l\u00e9ir gurb \u00e9 \u00e1r bhf\u00edor-dh\u00fashl\u00e1n \u00e9 in\u00e1r dt\u00edr f\u00e9in\ninniu.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                Sa chomhth\u00e9acs seo, bh\u00ed t\u00e1bhacht ar leith ag baint\nleis an siomp\u00f3isiam a d\u2019eagair Ard-Easpaig P\u00e1ras agus Lyons sa bhliain 1983, ar\nconas an creideamh a mh\u00faineadh agus a sheachadadh ar aghaidh do na gl\u00faine ag\nteacht in\u00e1r ndiaidh. I measc iadsan a labhair ag an siomp\u00f3isiam seo, bhi an\nCairdin\u00e9al Ratzinger, agus freisin Dermot Ryan, Ard-Easpag Bhaile \u00c1tha Cliath.\nLabhair an tArd-Easpag Ryan faoin bhfadhb a chonaic s\u00e9 sa ch\u00f3ras oideachais:\nbh\u00ed daoine \u00f3ga ag f\u00e1g\u00e1il an bhunscoil Chaitliceach gan paidreacha bun\u00fascha an\nChreidimh ar eolas acu. C\u00e9 go raibh siad in ann t\u00e9arma\u00edocht chasta na\nteicneola\u00edochta a fhoglaim gan str\u00f3, n\u00edor cuireadh os a gcomhair t\u00e9arma\u00edocht\nbhun\u00fasach an Chreidimh, t\u00e9arma\u00edocht n\u00edos \u00e9asca n\u00e1 t\u00e9arma\u00edocht na\nteicneola\u00edochta. Luaigh an Cairdin\u00e9al Ratzinger nach raibh s\u00e9 de mhisneach a\nthuilleadh ag daoine \u00e1irithe an Creideamh a chur i l\u00e1thair go hioml\u00e1n agus go\nhorg\u00e1nach. Bh\u00ed tionchar an-mh\u00f3r ag an siomp\u00f3isiam seo ar an d\u00edosp\u00f3ireacht faoi\nan gcaitic\u00e9is. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            Sa\nbhliain 1985 ghairm an P\u00e1pa Eoin P\u00f3l II tion\u00f3l neamhchoiteann de Shionad na\nnEaspag, ar chothrom fiche bliain \u00f3 oscailt Dara Comhairle na Vatac\u00e1ine. \u201cBa \u00e9\nba chusp\u00f3ir don tion\u00f3l sin gr\u00e1sta\u00ed agus tortha\u00ed spiorad\u00e1lta Dara Comhairle na\nVatac\u00e1ine a chom\u00f3radh agus an teagasc a th\u00e1inig aisti a dhoimhni\u00fa, d\u2019fhonn clo\u00ed\nn\u00edos dl\u00faithe leis agus \u00e9 a chur i bhfios agus i bhfeidhm\u201d (F.D., R\u00e9amhr\u00e1).<\/p>\n\n\n

                                <\/p>\n\n\n

                                Ba thoradh ar an Sionad seo an Caiticiosma. Chuir\nAithreacha an tSionaid a mian in i\u00fal \u201cgo gcuirf\u00ed le ch\u00e9ile caiticiosma n\u00f3\ncoimre ar an bhfoirceadal Caitliceach go hioml\u00e1n, idir ch\u00farsa\u00ed creidimh agus\nmor\u00e1ltachta, a bheadh ina ch\u00e1ip\u00e9is tagartha ar na caiticiosma\u00ed n\u00f3 na coimr\u00ed a\nchumfa\u00ed sna t\u00edortha \u00e9ags\u00fala. Ba ch\u00f3ir an foirceadal a chur i l\u00e1thair ar bhun\u00fas\nan Bh\u00edobla agus an liot\u00fairge, agus teagasc \u00e1 leagan amach ann a bheadh cruinn\nagus ag an am c\u00e9anna in oiri\u00faint do shaol Cr\u00edostaithe na linne seo\u201d (Tuarasc\u00e1il\ndheiridh an tSionaid neamhchoitinn<\/em>, 7 Nollaig, 1985, II, B, a, 4: FD\nR\u00e9amhr\u00e1). Ghlac Eoin P\u00f3l II leis an dtogra seo, ag dearbh\u00fa go raibh s\u00e9 \u201cag\nfreagairt go baileach don gh\u00e1 at\u00e1 ag an Eaglais uilechoiteann agus ag na\nhEaglais\u00ed ar leith\u201d (FD, R\u00e9amhr\u00e1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                2.2: Comhdh\u00e9anamh CEC<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                Conas ar cuireadh CEC le ch\u00e9ile? C\u00e9 an c\u00f3ras ar\nbaineadh \u00fas\u00e1id as chun an t\u00e9acs a scr\u00edobh agus a chur in eagar? An pr\u00f3iseas a\nbh\u00ed ann, ba thoradh \u00e9 ar luachanna na Comhairle, is \u00e9 sin le r\u00e1 bh\u00ed\ncol\u00e1isti\u00falacht agus spiorad \u00e9ac\u00faim\u00e9anach i gceist, agus ba thionsnamh de chuid\nna hEaglaise uile \u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                –         \nI m\u00ed an\nMheithimh 1986 thug an P\u00e1pa an c\u00faram do Choimisi\u00fan, caiticiosma comhchoitianta\na chur le ch\u00e9ile. Bhi d\u00e1r\u00e9ag cairdin\u00e9al agus easpag ina mbaill den choimisi\u00fan\nseo, agus an Cairdin\u00e9al Seosamh Ratzinger mar uachtar\u00e1n air. Na baill eile n\u00e1\nan ceathrar Cairdin\u00e9il: Baum (Comhthion\u00f3l um L\u00e9ann Eaglasta), Lourusamy\n(Comhthion\u00f3l do Eaglais\u00ed an Oirthir), Tomko (Comhthion\u00f3l don tSoisc\u00e9ala\u00edocht)\nagus Innocenti (Comhthion\u00f3l don gCl\u00e9ir). Ba easpaig iad na baill eile: Law\n(Boston), Stoba (Poznan, sa Pholainn), Edelby (Aleppo, i Siria), D\u2019Souza\n(Calcutta, san Ind), Isidoro de Souza (Cotonou, Benin), Ben\u00edtez Avalos\n(Villarica, Paragua), agus freisin an tArd-Easpag Schotte (Beilgeach, R\u00fana\u00ed\nGinear\u00e1lta de chuid Sionad na nEaspag). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                –         \nI m\u00ed na\nSamhna 1986 buna\u00edodh coiste eagarth\u00f3ireachta a raibh seachtar easpag mar bhaill\nann: Estepa (easpag m\u00edleata na Sp\u00e1inne), Maggiolini (Como, san Iod\u00e1il), Honor\u00e9\n(Tours, an Fhrainc), Medina (Rancagua, an tSile), Konstant (Leeds, Sasana),\nLevada (Portland, St\u00e1it Aontaithe), Karlich (Paran\u00e1, an Airgint\u00edn). Idir an d\u00e1\nlinn ghlaoigh an Cairdin\u00e9al Ratzinger ar an Ollamh Christof Sch\u00f6nborn, OP\n(Doiminiceach) \u00f3 ollscoil Fribourg san Eilv\u00e9is, le bheith ina r\u00fana\u00ed ar an\nbhfoireann seo scr\u00edbhneoir\u00ed. (T\u00e1 Sch\u00f6nborn anois ina Chairdin\u00e9al \u00c1rd-Easpag ar\nV\u00edn, pr\u00edomhchathair na hOstaire.) Seo iad na fir a dhein an chuid is m\u00f3 den\nobair i gc\u00e1s scr\u00edobh agus eagarth\u00f3ireacht an Chaiticiosma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                –         \nBhi\n\u201cr\u00e9amh-thionscnamh\u201d ullmhaithe faoi an mbliain d\u00e1r gcionn, 1987, agus cuireadh\ngo 40 comhairleoir\u00ed \u00e9 chun a dtuairim\u00ed a fh\u00e1il.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                –         \nI m\u00ed na\nSamhna 1989 cuireadh \u201ctionscnamh athbhreithnithe\u201d chuig gach Easpag san\nEaglais, chuig gach Comhdh\u00e1il Easpag, agus chuig pr\u00edomh-ollscoileanna agus\ninstiti\u00faid\u00ed na hEaglaise. Th\u00e1inig 938 freagra\u00ed ar ais \u00f3n gcomhairli\u00fach\u00e1n\nollmh\u00f3r seo, agus 24,000 molta\u00ed \u00e1 nd\u00e9anamh iontu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                –         \nDeineadh\nstaid\u00e9ar agus meast\u00f3ireacht ar na molta\u00ed seo go l\u00e9ir idir m\u00ed an Mheithimh agus\nm\u00ed Deireadh F\u00f3mhair na bliana d\u00e1r gcionn 1990, agus cuireadh an-chuid leis an\ndt\u00e9acs de bharr na molta\u00ed seo. (B\u2019fh\u00e9idir gurb \u00e9 an toradh is suntasa\u00ed a bh\u00ed ar\nan gcomhairli\u00fa go l\u00e9ir n\u00e1 an cinneadh go gcuirf\u00ed an cheathr\u00fa \u201cChuid\u201d leis an\ndt\u00e9acs, ar \u201cAn Urna\u00ed Chr\u00edosta\u00ed\u201d.)<\/p>\n\n\n

                                <\/p>\n\n\n

                                –         \nI m\u00ed\nFeabhra 1992 bh\u00ed an leagan deiridh cr\u00edochnaithe ag an gcoimisi\u00fan. Tugadh don\nAthair Naofa \u00e9, agus cheadaigh s\u00e9 \u00e9 i m\u00ed an Mheithimh 1992. F\u00f3gra\u00edodh CEC i\nnDeireadh F\u00f3mhair 1992, agus an mh\u00ed d\u00e1r gcionn foils\u00edodh eagr\u00e1n Fraincise i\nbP\u00e1ras. Foils\u00edodh eagr\u00e1n i mB\u00e9arla sa bhliain 1994, agus eagr\u00e1n Gaeilge i 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                –         \nEis\u00edodh\nan editio typica<\/em> sa Laidin ar an 15\u00fa l\u00e1 de L\u00fanasa 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                T\u00e1 s\u00e9 soil\u00e9ir on gcaoi inar cuireadh an Caiticiosma\nle ch\u00e9ile gur t\u00e9acs uilechoiteann \u00e9 agus gur obair chol\u00e1isti\u00fail den scoth a bh\u00ed\nann. Dian-obair mhionch\u00faiseach a bh\u00ed ann chomh maith dar nd\u00f3igh: ullmha\u00edodh\nnaoi leagan den t\u00e9acs roimh theacht ar an leagan deireaneach. \u00d3 is rud \u00e9 gur\nth\u00e1inig an oiread sin tuairim\u00ed agus molta\u00ed \u00f3 an domhan uile, t\u00e1 saibhreas ar\nleith ag baint le CEC. Mar adeir Eoin P\u00f3l II: \u201cComhcheol an oiread sin gl\u00f3rtha,\nis friotal \u00e9 d\u00e1ir\u00edre ar an rud a bhf\u00e9adfa\u00ed \u2018siansa\u2019 an chreidimh a thabhairt\nair\u201d (F.D. 1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                1. 3.\u00c1bhar CEC agus Dara\n Comhairle na Vatac\u00e1ine:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                  An rud at\u00e1 luachmhar faoi CEC n\u00e1 go gcuireann s\u00e9 os\n\u00e1r gcomhair an Creideamh Caitliceach ina ioml\u00e1ine, agus go h-org\u00e1nach<\/strong>.\nT\u00e1 an Caiticiosma \u201ct\u00f3gtha\u201d ar na ceithre \u201ccol\u00fain\u201d a bh\u00ed ina gcreatlach go traidisi\u00fanta\nle haghaidh teagasc an chreidimh. Seo iad ceithre \u201cCoda\u201d an Chaiticiosma: Cuid\na hAon: Admh\u00e1il an Chreidimh (An Cr\u00e9); Cuid a D\u00f3: Ceili\u00faradh na R\u00fandiamhra\nCr\u00edosta\u00ed (an Liot\u00fairge); Cuid a Tr\u00ed: An Bheatha i gCr\u00edost (teagasc mor\u00e1lta);\nCuid a Ceathair: An Urna\u00ed Chr\u00edosta\u00ed (Gu\u00ed). T\u00e1 sruth org\u00e1nach mar sin ag dul\ntr\u00edd an t\u00e9acs, \u00f3 an lex credendi<\/em>, go dt\u00ed an lex celebrandi<\/em>, go\ndt\u00ed an lex vivendi<\/em>, go dt\u00ed an lex orandi<\/em>. M\u00faineann Cuid a hAon\nailt an Chr\u00e9: c\u00e9ard a chreideann muid. M\u00faineann Cuid a D\u00f3 conas a cheili\u00fartar na r\u00fandiamhra seo i liot\u00fairge na\nhEaglaise. I gCuid a Tr\u00ed l\u00e9ir\u00edtear conas a chuirtear\n\u00e1r gcreideamh agus \u00e1r bp\u00e1irt\u00edocht sa ghr\u00e1sta diaga i ngn\u00edomh in \u00e1r saol\nlaeth\u00fail; agus i gCuid a Ceathair d\u00e9antar cur s\u00edos den scoth ar an urna\u00ed a\ndh\u00e9anann muid go pearsanta agus i gcomaoin na hEaglaise. An t-aon\nmh\u00f3r-Chaiticiosma eile a foils\u00edodh i rith stair na hEaglaise, Caiticiosma\nComhairle Thrionta<\/em>, t\u00f3gadh \u00e9 ar na ceithre col\u00fain ch\u00e9anna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  Sa Bhulla Porta Fidei<\/em>, len ar sheol s\u00e9\nBliain an Chreidimh i 2012, chun cothrom tr\u00edocha bliain \u00f3 oscailt Dara\nComhairle na Vatac\u00e1ine a cheili\u00faradh, deir Beinidicht XVI gur \u201cf\u00edor-thoradh\u201d ar\nan gComhairle \u00e9 CEC. Is l\u00e9ir \u00e9 seo i nd\u00e1ir\u00edre ar \u00e1bhar an Chaiticiosma, chomh\nmaith leis an chaoi ina gcuirtear f\u00edrinn\u00ed an Chreidimh in i\u00fal ann.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  Luann an Caiticiosma f\u00e9in go mbraitheann s\u00e9 ar\ntheagasc na Comhairle: \u201cT\u00e1 s\u00e9 de chusp\u00f3ir ag an Caiticiosma seo faisn\u00e9is\neagraithe n\u00f3 sint\u00e9is a chur i l\u00e1thair de bhun\u00e9irim eisinti\u00fail an fhoirceadail\nChaitlicigh i dtaobh an chreidimh agus na mor\u00e1ltachta, faoi l\u00e9as Dhara\nComhairle na Vatac\u00e1ine agus ioml\u00e1n Thraidisi\u00fan na hEaglaise\u201d (CEC 11). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  T\u00e1 s\u00e9 soil\u00e9ir gurb \u00e9 seo \u00e9 Caiticiosma na\nComhairle. Tar \u00e9is an Scriopt\u00far Naofa is iad t\u00e9acsanna na Comhairle na foins\u00ed\nis m\u00f3 a mbaintear \u00fas\u00e1id astu sa t\u00e9acs. In theannta sin, t\u00e1 m\u00f3r-th\u00e9ama\u00ed na\nComhairle le braistint ar fud an Chaiticiosma: an ghairm uil\u00edoch chun na\nnaofachta agus na soisc\u00e9ala\u00edochta, an Eaglais mar chomaoin (communio<\/em>);\nan chaoi ina gcuirtear an Liot\u00fairge os \u00e1r gcomhair mar cheili\u00faradh ar na R\u00fandiamhra\nCr\u00edosta\u00ed, 7 rl.<\/p>\n\n\n

                                  <\/p>\n\n\n

                                  Ta teagasc na Comhairle le f\u00e1il ar chuile\nleathanach de chuid an CEC, ach is fi\u00fa breathn\u00fa ar dh\u00e1 th\u00e9ama ar leith a\nbhaineann macalla as Dara Comhairle na Vatac\u00e1ine:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  1. (i)\u201cAntraipeola\u00edocht\u201d an\nChaiticiosma:<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                    Faoi mar a rinne an Dara Comhairle Vatac\u00e1ineach,\nd\u00e9anann CEC gach iarracht agallamh a oscailt agus a fhorbairt leis an duine\ndaonna. D\u00e9antar iarracht an foirceadal Cr\u00edosta\u00ed a mh\u00edni\u00fa sa chaoi gur f\u00e9idir \u00e9\na thuiscint i gcomhth\u00e9acs antraipeola\u00edochta. Mar sin feictear go bhfuil dh\u00e1\nmh\u00edr i ngach ceann de na ceithre Coda. Labhrann an ch\u00e9ad mh\u00edr leis an duine\ndaonna ina dhaonnacht, agus sa dara m\u00edr d\u00e9antar cur i l\u00e1thair strucht\u00fartha ar\nan bhfoirceadal. T\u00e1 na m\u00edreanna roinnte ina gcaibidl\u00ed, agus foranna ins na caibidl\u00ed\nf\u00e9in. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                    Mar shampla i gc\u00e1s Cuid a hAon (\u201cAdmh\u00e1il an\nChreidimh\u201d) t\u00e1 dh\u00e1 mh\u00edr ann: an ch\u00e9ad mh\u00edr (\u201cCreidim\u201d \u2013 \u201cCreideann muid\u201d)\npl\u00e9ann s\u00e9 br\u00ed an fhocail \u201ccreideamh\u201d. Is \u00e9 teideal at\u00e1 ar an ch\u00e9ad chaibidil sa\nmh\u00edr seo n\u00e1 \u201cAcmhainn an duine chun D\u00e9\u201d, agus is iad na foranna at\u00e1 ann n\u00e1: \u201cAn\nmian chun D\u00e9\u201d; \u201cSlite chun aithne a chur ar Dhia\u201d; \u201c An tEolas faoi Dhia de\nr\u00e9ir na hEaglaise\u201d agus \u201cConas is f\u00e9idir labhairt faoi Dhia?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                    Ar an gcaoi ch\u00e9anna pl\u00e9ann Cuid a Tr\u00ed mar shampla\n\u201cAn Bheatha i gCr\u00edost\u201d (teagasc mor\u00e1lta). Is \u00e9 teideal at\u00e1 ar an gc\u00e9ad mh\u00edr\nanseo n\u00e1 \u201cGairm an Duine: an Bheatha sa Spiorad\u201d. Ta tr\u00ed chaibidil sa mh\u00edr seo:\n\u201cGradam an Duine Daonna\u201d; \u201cAn Comhphobal Daonna\u201d \u2013 braitheann an chaibidil seo\ngo m\u00f3r ar theagasc an Reachta Thr\u00e9adaigh Gaudium et Spes <\/em>– agus \u201c Sl\u00e1n\u00fa\nD\u00e9: Dl\u00ed agus Gr\u00e1sta\u201d. Sa dara m\u00edr de Chuid a Tr\u00ed t\u00e1 teagasc ar na deich\nn-Aitheanta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                    1. (ii)An Liot\u00fairge:<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                      Feictear tionchar l\u00e1idir na Comhairle freisin sa\nchaoi ina m\u00edn\u00edtear Liot\u00fairge na hEaglaise. Cuireann teideal an Tr\u00ed\u00fa Chuid f\u00e9in,\n\u201cCeili\u00faradh na R\u00fandiamhra Cr\u00edosta\u00ed\u201d, in i\u00fal go leanfar peirspict\u00edocht na\nComhairle i leith an liot\u00fairge agus na sacraimint\u00ed, is \u00e9 sin le r\u00e1 go gcuirtear\nna sacraimint\u00ed i gcomhth\u00e9acs stair an tsl\u00e1naithe, agus go gcuirtear an\nliot\u00fairge i gcomhth\u00e9acs r\u00fandiamhair na C\u00e1sca. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      \u00d3 na m\u00e9anaoiseanna ar aghaidh, de r\u00e9ir a ch\u00e9ile,\ntharla scoilt idir diagacht na sacraimint\u00ed agus ceili\u00faradh an liot\u00fairge. Ba\nscaradh d\u00e1ins\u00e9ireach \u00e9 seo, idir r\u00e9altacht na sacraimint\u00ed agus a bhfeidhm\u00edocht\nfhoirmi\u00fail sna searmanais liot\u00fairgeacha. Bh\u00ed mar phr\u00edomh-aidhm ag an\n\u201cghluaiseacht liot\u00fairgeach\u201d sna blianta roimh an gComhairle an bac seo a\ndh\u00fanadh, ag l\u00e9iri\u00fa gur ceart na sacraimint\u00ed a thuiscint tr\u00ed dh\u00edri\u00fa ar na\ndeasghn\u00e1tha lena gceili\u00fartar iad. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      Chuir Sacrosanctum Concilium<\/em>, Reacht na\nComhairle ar an Liot\u00fairge, b\u00e9im ar leith ar an sint\u00e9is seo mar bhealach chun\ntuiscint n\u00edos org\u00e1na\u00ed agus n\u00edos doimhne a fh\u00e1il ar liot\u00fairge agus ar\nshacraimint\u00ed na hEaglaise. Seo an mheabhair a fhaigheann muid sa Chaiticiosma.\nMar shampla, ag labhairt faoi \u201cCaitic\u00e9is agus liot\u00fairge\u201d deir an Caiticiosma:\n\u201cIs \u00e9 is cusp\u00f3ir don chaitic\u00e9is liot\u00fairgeach ionadacht a thabhairt chun\nr\u00fandiamhar Chr\u00edost (t\u00e1 s\u00ed \u2018misteag\u00f3gach\u2019 mar a deirtear), ag tarraingt \u00f3n\nsofheicthe ar an dofheicthe, \u00f3n chomhartha ar an n\u00ed a chomhartha\u00edtear, \u00f3 na\n\u2018sacraimint\u00ed\u2019 ar na \u2018r\u00fandiamhra\u2019\u201d (CEC 1075).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      1. 4.Gn\u00e9ithe de chuid an CEC,\n agus Dara Comhairle na Vatac\u00e1ine:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                        In aitheasc a thug s\u00e9 ar an 8\u00fa l\u00e1 Nollaig 1992\ndhearbhaigh Naomh Eoin P\u00f3l II gurb \u00e9 an Caiticiosma \u201can toradh is aib\u00ed agus is\nioml\u00e1ine de chuid na Comhairle\u201d. Feictear go bhfuil dl\u00fath-nasc idir an\nCaiticiosma agus an Chomhairle, \u00f3 thaobh stair an t\u00e9acs, agus an chaoi inar\nscr\u00edobhadh \u00e9, na h\u00e1bhair a phl\u00e9itear ann, agus an st\u00edl cur in i\u00fal a roghna\u00edodh.\n<\/p>\n\n\n

                                        <\/p>\n\n\n

                                        Is f\u00e9idir gn\u00e9ithe \u00e1irithe eile den Chaiticiosma a\nlua, a l\u00e9ir\u00edonn an aontacht idir \u00e9 agus an Chomhairle. Sa d\u00e1 ch\u00e1s ta an\nphr\u00edomh-\u00e1it ag an Scriopt\u00far Naofa<\/strong>. Deir Dei Verbum <\/em>(uimhir 24)\ngurb \u00e9 an Scriopt\u00far \u201canam na diagachta\u201d. Is \u00e9 anam an Chaiticiosma \u00e9 an B\u00edobla\ngan aon amhras. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        T\u00e1 t\u00e9acs an Chaiticiosma l\u00e1n de thagairt\u00ed do Aithreacha\nagus do Dhocht\u00fair\u00ed na hEaglaise, chomh maith le Naoimh \u00f3 gach tr\u00e9imhse\nstairi\u00fail agus \u00f3 gach traidisi\u00fan liot\u00fairgeach<\/strong>, idir mhn\u00e1 agus fhir.\nCuireann an saibhreas stairi\u00fail seo i gcuimhne d\u00fainn an ressourcement<\/em>,\nan mhian chun dul ar ais ag foins\u00ed na hEaglaise a bh\u00ed le braistint ag an\ngComhairle Vatac\u00e1ineach. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        Go minic sa Chaiticiosma d\u00e9antar tagairt do Eaglais\u00ed\nan Oirthir,<\/strong> agus do thraidisi\u00fain liot\u00fairgeacha \u00e9ags\u00fala chomh maith leis an\nDeasghn\u00e1th R\u00f3mh\u00e1nach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        T\u00e1 dearcadh l\u00e1idir \u00e9ac\u00faim\u00e9anach<\/strong> ag an t\u00e9acs: mar shampla is\nf\u00e9idir breathn\u00fa ar an m\u00edni\u00fach\u00e1n a thugtar ar an bhf\u00edr\u00e9an\u00fa (CEC 1987 agus a\nleanas). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        1. 5.Cr\u00edoch:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                          Thar aon rud eile is t\u00e9acs\nsoisc\u00e9ala\u00edochta<\/strong> \u00e9 an Caiticiosma. T\u00e1 s\u00e9 d\u00edrithe sa ch\u00e9ad \u00e1it ar thr\u00e9adaithe\nna hEaglaise, ar na hEaspaig a bhfuil s\u00e9 mar phr\u00edomh-fheagracht orthu an\nCreideamh a chaomhn\u00fa, a choth\u00fa agus a fh\u00f3gairt. Ach, mar a deir Eoin P\u00f3l II,\n\u201ct\u00e1 s\u00e9 \u00e1 thairiscint freisin do na f\u00edr\u00e9in go l\u00e9ir a dteasta\u00edonn uathu eolas\nn\u00edos fearr a chur ar shaibhreas dochuimsithe an tsl\u00e1naithe (cf. Eif. 3,8). Is\nmian leis, freisin, tac\u00fa leis an d\u00edcheall \u00e9ac\u00faim\u00e9anach at\u00e1 \u00e1 spreagadh ag mian\nbheannaithe na haontachta idir na Cr\u00edostaithe uile\u2026 Ar deireadh, t\u00e1 Caiticiosma\nna hEaglaise Caitlic\u00ed<\/em> \u00e1 thairiscint do gach aon a \u00e9il\u00edonn uainn bonn a\nthabhairt leis an d\u00f3chas at\u00e1 ionainn (cf. 1 Pead. 3,15)\u201d (FD 3).<\/p>\n\n\n

                                          <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          I ndeireadh na d\u00e1la, is toradh saibhir agus\nluachmhar \u00e9 CEC ar mhian an Ph\u00e1pa Naomh Eoin XXIII nuair a leag s\u00e9 mar\nphr\u00edomh-ch\u00faram ar an gComhairle \u201ccaomhn\u00fa agus m\u00edni\u00fa n\u00edos fearr a dh\u00e9anamh ar\nthaisce luachmhar an fhoirceadail Chr\u00edosta\u00ed, chun go mbeadh teacht n\u00edos \u00e9asca\nair ag f\u00edr\u00e9in Chr\u00edost agus ag lucht na dea-thola go l\u00e9ir\u201d (FD, R\u00e9amhr\u00e1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Focail nach bhfuil is bhfocl\u00f3iri: buanaiocht <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          T\u00e9arma(i) n\u00edos simpl\u00ed: oibleagaid\u00edocht<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Dear\u00f3il, aid\u00edocht sna focl\u00f3iri; mar ainmfhocal: t.\nainmneach iolra agus ginideach iolra?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          An teideal: C\u00e9 hiad   \u2026a ghoile (no a\nNgoile?)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                            \nColm \u00d3 T\u00f3rna<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          3 Garr\u00e1n Ghleann Sceiche, Ard Aidhin,Baile \u00c1tha Cliath 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                               01\/8313333 087 \/2266594 colmotorna@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          C\u00e9 hiad (??h\u00e9??) <\/strong>sin mo chomharsa a bhfuil faobhar ar a ghoile? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Colm \u00d3 Torna<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Comhth\u00e9acs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Faoi l\u00e1thair mairim\u00edd i r\u00e9 sibhialtachta inar aims\u00edodh gach deis, gach cumas\nagus gach bealach chun an bhochtaineacht, galair agus an\n\u00e9ag\u00f3ir bhunaithe at\u00e1 \u00e1 mbr\u00fa\nar lucht na dear\u00f3ile a ionsa\u00ed le h\u00e9ifeacht agus go lean\u00fanach. T\u00e1 in\u00e1r seilbh\nan eola\u00edocht agus an teicneola\u00edocht, sainoilteacht i gc\u00farsa\u00ed leighis, cumais talmha\u00edochta agus deant\u00fasa\u00edochta, modhanna taistil,\niompair agus cumars\u00e1ide nach raibh riamh cheana ag\nan gcine\ndaonna, go bhfios d\u00fainn. <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          F\u00f3s f\u00e1gtar ar an dtr\u00e1 folamh iad. T\u00e1 an teideal daonna\nat\u00e1 ag na dear\u00f3il\nteacht ar na bun- agus buan-riachtannais mhaireacht\u00e1la, a eil\u00edtear ag a nd\u00ednit chun\na bheith beo le d\u00f3chas, s\u00e9anta, coscaithe ortha. De bharr an dul\nchun cinn \u00e9achtach luaite thuas i ngach a bhaineann le iliomaid cumais agus\nfeidireacta at\u00e1 in\u00e1r seilbh, san Iarthar go h\u00e1irithe, is riachtannas anois go mbuan\u00f3far bunsraitheanna mor\u00e1lta\ndoimnithe faoin a roinnt. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Is l\u00e9ir go bhfuil an idirbheart\u00e1iocht\npholaitiuil idirnaisiunta eag\u00f3rach agus chomh maith\nleis sin institiuidithe sna corais agus sna beala\u00ed uile lena chaitheann Saibhir le Daibhir, go bhfuil na n\u00f3sanna a\nghlactar leo i gc\u00farsa\u00edtrad\u00e1la agus gn\u00f3 a shaothra\u00edonn don Saibhir foinsithe\nsa mheanma Saint seachas Roinnt, go bhfuil a spiorad seascaithe beag beann ar\nphrionsab\u00e1ltacht na daonnacht\u00falachta ina bhfuil sealbh\u00fa\n\u00e1r ndaonlathais f\u00e9in fr\u00e9amhaithe. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Na dear\u00f3il br\u00faite go taobhl\u00ednte \u00e1r n-iomarca\u00edochta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Is f\u00edordh\u00fashl\u00e1n daonnacht\u00fail \u00e1r linne \u00e9\ngo mbuan\u00f3fa\u00ed nuathuiscint de \u201cceart dom, ceart duit\u201d mar phr\u00edomhacht\nphrionsab\u00e1lta i ngach deile\u00e1il agus cumars\u00e1id idirn\u00e1isunta idir Saibhir agus\nDaibhir. N\u00ed beag san.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Fr\u00e9amhriachtanais\nna maitheasa agus na buana\u00edochta soisialta <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          \u201cThe\nmodern experiment to live without religion has failed, and once we have\nunderstood this we know what our \u2018post-modern\u2019 tasks really are\u201d. A Guide\nfor the Perplexed<\/em> le E. F. Schumacher. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Is \u00ed cailliuint\nbheonasc len\u00e1r Chruthaitheoir uile an phriomh-earr\u00e1id in\u00e1r dtuiscint d\u00e1r\nr\u00f3l i gcumadh \u00e1r chaibidil reatha i sc\u00e9al lean\u00fanach an Duine agus an bhagairt ar shibhialtacht \u00e1r linne go hairithe. <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          Toradh ar\nseo n\u00e1 go bhfuil an Nua-aimsearachas, at\u00e1\nfr\u00e9amhaithe san aindiachas, agus an d\u00edghradam\u00fa daonna a leanann \u00e9, \u00e1\nchraobhscaoileadh agus \u00e1 bhuan\u00fa in Iarthar an\ndomhain go hairithe agus ag leathn\u00fa i ngach cairn den Cruinne a thagann faoina\nn-an\u00e1il. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          N\u00edl an gus spiorad\u00e1lta i gcult\u00fair an \u00c1bharachais\nFheals\u00fanaigh seo at\u00e1 d\u00e1r dtreor\u00fa chun an oibleagaid\u00edocht (????+????=\nobligingness) <\/strong>daonna a lu\u00edonn orainn d\u00e1 ch\u00e9ile uile agus dos na dear\u00f3il (???)<\/strong>\ngo h\u00e1irithe a thuiscint. T\u00e1 an t-\u00e1bhara\u00ed dall\nar luach speisialta indibhidi\u00falach an t\u00e9 is\nlaige, is ainreota\u00ed n\u00f3 nach bhfuil roimhe n\u00f3 roimpi ach saol ghairid m\u00ed-\u00e1mharach gan d\u00f3chas. Trag\u00f3id doleigheasta don\naindiacha\u00ed go sealbha\u00edonn duine beatha d\u00e1 leith\u00e9id at\u00e1, dar leis, gan bhr\u00ed agus ipso facto<\/em>\ngan luach ar bith. Is san d\u00edl\u00faach\u00e1il seo at\u00e1 gach \u00e9ag\u00f3ir\nfrithbheatha fr\u00e9amhaithe, cothaithe agus, go fi\u00fa, molta sa l\u00e1 inniu mar dul\nchun cinn. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          N\u00ed daille go daille seo an aindiachais mar go mbaintear d\u00e1 chosa aige an\ns\u00e1r-bhuan luach\u00e1il amh\u00e1in inar f\u00e9idir d\u00ednit dosh\u00e1raithe gach ball den cine daonna a fhr\u00e9amh\u00fa, a\nchosaint agus a fhorbairt, is \u00e9 sin le r\u00e1 gur\nde stoc diaga gach mac agus inion m\u00e1thar a\nrugadh riamh n\u00f3 a bheirfear go deo. Is i bhf\u00edric seo na bhf\u00edric\u00ed, thar ceann ar bith eile, gur f\u00e9idir d\u00ednit gach neach beo\na fhr\u00e9amh\u00fa, st\u00e1das at\u00e1, n\u00ed hamhain n\u00edos airde\nn\u00e1 macasamhail aon bheo eile ar dhroim na tal\u00fan, ach de luach\u00e1il difri\u00fail\nuachtarach n\u00e1 iad. Anseo seo amh\u00e1in t\u00e1 againn d\u2019eisint\nD\u00e9 na s\u00edorra\u00edochta f\u00e9in, mar is \u00f3n\nCruthaitheoir fein at\u00e1 an phribhl\u00e9id seo bronnta ar c\u00e1ch \u2018gan eisceacht ar\nbith\u2019. N\u00ed flaithi\u00falacht i mbronnadh go flaithi\u00falacht seo D\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Cuma aon dea-thoil, t\u00e1 an\nNua-aimsearachas tumaithe in eadochasacht mar nach f\u00e9idir r\u00edamh cruach\u00e1s na\nndear\u00f3l seo at\u00e1 leathnaithe ar f\u00fad an Domhain Tr\u00e9igthe a leigheas. Rud at\u00e1\nf\u00edor. Cr\u00edost f\u00e9in a chuir an fh\u00edrinne shearbh\nsin \u00f3s \u00e1r chomhair.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          T\u00e1, d\u00e1\nbharr san, an claonadh i ndallmheanma seo an Nua-aimserachais i ngach a mholtar\nchun cruach\u00e1s seo na ndear\u00f3il\n(?) a mhaol\u00fa d\u00edrithe i dtreo laghd\u00fa l\u00edon na ndear\u00f3l\n(?) f\u00e9in, seachas na c\u00faiseanna lena nge\u00edrch\u00e9im a dhibirt chomh fada agus is\nf\u00e9idir. Is minic an \u2018chomh fada agus is f\u00e9idir\u2019 sin curtha ar mh\u00e9ar fhada\nead\u00f3chasach. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Sm\u00e1la\u00edonn an eadochasacht seo an fhiric gur iontas thar gach iontas\nsealbh\u00fa na beatha daonna, go bhfuil ionainn uile, ainneoin \u00e1r laig\u00ed spiorad\u00e1lta,\ncumais, misneach agus dochlo\u00edteacht \u00e1irithe gur\nf\u00e9idir iad a mh\u00fascailt agus a shaothr\u00fa cuma cruatan n\u00f3 deacrachta\u00ed a bhaineann\ngo minic len\u00e1r saolta uile. Faoi sc\u00e1th teoranta\nan aindiachais d\u00fantar go cinnte fuinne\u00f3g seo na cinnteachta agus an d\u00f3chais,\nagus an fhadradharcacht a bhrosta\u00edonn di\u00falt\u00fa\ndon eag\u00f3ir n\u00f3 don cos ar bholg a imr\u00edotar ar\ndhaoine n\u00f3 ar phobal ar bith. Baintear deireadh d\u00faile de dh\u00f3chas an aindiacha\u00ed (Ciall??? N\u00edos simpl\u00ed?)<\/strong>. Tuiteann\nan lug ar an lag aige toisc a laghad agus is f\u00e9idir a dh\u00e9anamh ar mhaithe leis\nna dear\u00f3il (?). Ar bhealach\ns\u00e1ch uasal go fi\u00fa, feictear d\u00f3 nach fi\u00fa m\u00f3r\u00e1n a bheatha f\u00e9in gan tr\u00e1cht ar\nbheatha\u00ed daoine eile. Is beag n\u00e1 gur saghas m\u00edtharl\u00faint catastr\u00f3fach an bheatha\ndhaonna agus gach a bhaineann lei. B\u2019fhearr gan a bheith ann dair\u00edre ach is g\u00e1\nmar sin f\u00e9in nach m\u00fachfar ar fad an cine\ndaonna. C\u00e1 bhfios ach go n-aimseofar nua-staid don chine ar ball bu\u00edochas ach\ngo h\u00e1irithe do photentia na heola\u00edochta. Mar is ag alt\u00f3ir na heola\u00edochta a\nadhrann s\u00e9. Idir an d\u00e1 linn caithidh na beo maireacht\u00e1il mar n\u00edl aon dul as acu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                      T\u00e1 an\ndoirbh\u00edochas (pessimisim) seo le sonr\u00fa i ngach at\u00e1 a mholadh ag an\nNua-aimsearachas i gcomhth\u00e9acs raison d\u2019\u00eatre<\/em> na colla\u00edochta. D\u00e9antar\ngach iarracht gineadh a sheachaint i gcult\u00far seo an choisc\u00edn; milltear n\u00f3\nmara\u00edtear an bheatha nuair is laige \u00e9 le ginmhilleadh n\u00f3 \u00e9il\u00edtear f\u00e9inmhar\u00fa mar\ntheidl\u00edocht dos na sean n\u00f3 f\u00f3s dona h-\u00f3ga; n\u00f3\nchun \u00e9al\u00fa \u00f3 fhulaingt n\u00f3 \u00f3 olldheacrachta\u00ed; n\u00f3 f\u00f3s moltar mar rud normalta colla\u00edocht nach f\u00e9idir riamh beatha a\nghineadh i \u201cbp\u00f3sadh\u201d idir beirt d\u2019aon ghn\u00e9as. <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          <\/p>\n\n\n

                                                      Nuair\na luaitear \u201cfoetal abnormality\u201d s\u00e9antar go fi\u00fa,\nn\u00f3 n\u00ed thuigtear, gur beatha dhaonna faoi laincis at\u00e1 i gceist. F\u00e1gtar mar rogha\ngo m\u00fachfar n\u00f3 go saol\u00f3fa\u00ed an neach seo is laige ar fad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                      T\u00e1 an\ncasadh i dtreo mh\u00fachadh ioml\u00e1n tuisceana do luach an t\u00e9 is laige anois l\u00e9irithe\ni nocht\u00fa an sc\u00e9il faoi imeachtai\nPlanned Parenthood i Mheirice\u00e1. L\u00e9iritear i bhf\u00edsteipeanna a ghlacadh go r\u00fanda\ngur chuid d\u00e1 \u201cgn\u00f3\u201d seo aimsi\u00fa agus diol \u201cfoetal material\u201d le haghaidh taighde.\nCitear go soileir g\u00e9aganna agus cosa b\u00eddeacha \u201creidh don mhargadh\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          An P\u00f3sadh faoi ionsa\u00ed[M1]<\/a> !<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Faoi\nthionchur aic\u00edd fhorleatach spiorad\u00e1lta na frithbheatha seo ionsa\u00edtear\nan p\u00f3sadh mar buanshol\u00e1thr\u00f3ir agus chosainteoir\nna beatha\ndaonna f\u00e9in. D\u00edfhr\u00e9amh\u00edotar colla\u00edocht \u00f3na raison d\u2019etre<\/em> mar sol\u00e1thr\u00f3ir\n\u00farbheatha ag tuisimitheoir\u00ed i mbuanghr\u00e1 d\u00e1 ch\u00e9ile. \u2018Lust clothed in the dress\nof love\u2019 aduirt an Mhahatma agus \u00e9 ag caint faoin a ph\u00f3sadh fein: \u201cOur love did\nnot reach a high plane. There was affection, of course, between us. Affection\nthere has been between us always but we came closer and closer the more we, or\nrather I, became restrained\u201d. Chonnachthas d\u00f3 gur threisigh frithghiniuint an\nbhearna sin, go fi\u00fa i lan\u00fanas ph\u00f3sta, seachas an ghr\u00e1 idir an bheirt a bhuan\u00fa agus a\nbhreith go \u201cpl\u00e1na n\u00edos airde\u201d f\u00f3s. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Bunsraith dosraith dosh\u00e1raithe na Maitheasa Soisialta <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          N\u00ed \u00edontas go bronnadh an bheatha dhaonna\nf\u00e9in ag tuisimitheoiri i ngr\u00e1. Pribhl\u00e9id na bpribhl\u00e9id\u00ed\nsaol\u00fa duine dhaonna,\u201dde dheant\u00fas\u201d diaga, nach\nraibh riamh ann cheana n\u00f3 nach mbeidh ar\u00eds\nariamh ar\u00eds sa chrutha\u00edocht. Sin is buanfh\u00e1th\nleis an l\u00fach\u00e1ir a sonra\u00edtear ag breith linbh n\u00ed\nhamhain ag an lan\u00fain ach ag a bhaill chlainne, ghaolta, c\u00e1irde agus go fi\u00fa\ncomharsain. N\u00ed nuacht le roinnt go dti seo ainneoin chomh com\u00f3nta is at\u00e1 s\u00e9\nagus seo \u00f3 aimsir annal\u00f3d. Fada siar a sh\u00edneann an tuiscint den ph\u00f3sadh mar\naontas buan idir fhear agus bhean agus mhair an pos\u00e1dh i gc\u00f3na\u00ed mar bhuanghn\u00e9 n\u00f3\ninstiti\u00faid i sochaithe uile an domhain dar leis an antraipeola\u00ed, An Dr. Ashley\nMontagu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          M\u00e9ada\u00edonn\nagus nearta\u00edonn c\u00faram a linbh a choth\u00fa, a oileadh agus a threor\u00fa go haib\u00edochta\nbuanghr\u00e1 na beirte d\u00e1 ch\u00e9ile. Cotha\u00edtear gan\nstaonadh sa teaghlach gach tr\u00e9ith ar a bhraitheann ar ball t\u00f3g\u00e1il agus forbairt\nsocha\u00ed daonna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Socha\u00ed\nina chleachtar ag saor\u00e1nnaigh luachanna a ch\u00e9ad shealbha\u00edodar ina dt\u00f3gail sa\nbhaile – Ionracas,comhbh\u00e1 lena ch\u00e9ile, roinnt seachas saint i gcomhar chlainne,\ncosaint lag ag an mhuintir n\u00edos laidre, smacht\u00fa\nchinealta nuair is g\u00e1 agus maithi\u00fanas \u00f3 chro\u00ed nuair a thuilltear seo i dteannta\ntuisceana agus an moladh a chotha\u00edonn\nf\u00e9inmheas. Seo uile cothaithe i mbuana\u00edocht ghairme an bhuanph\u00f3sadh.<\/p>\n\n\n

                                          <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          Borradh agus f\u00e1s eile f\u00f3s roimh gr\u00e1 na dtuismitheori i saol\u00fa leana\u00ed a\nleana\u00ed \u2013 gur luach saothair speis\u00edalta a ghr\u00e1 d\u00e1 cheile a theacht. Buana\u00edotar\nnasc chlainne beo seo na maitheasa a sh\u00edn fada\nsiar agus a shinfidh ar aghaidh mar snaidhm fh\u00edordhaonna.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          An nasc-aistir seo a mhair agus a mhaireann thar na gl\u00fainte is comhartha\nde bhuanbhliantacht (perpetuity) an chine dhaonna a mhaireann sl\u00e1n ainneoin gach tubaiste agus\ncinedh\u00edoth\u00fa go fi\u00fa a sm\u00e1laigh stair an Duine. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Tuigtear\ndon creidmheach gur f\u00e9idir go mbaintear ceannscr\u00edbe an aistir teaghlaigh i\ngcomhar chlainne s\u00edorra\u00ed D\u00e9 f\u00e9in. (Br\u00ed le seo??)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          D\u00edghr\u00e1d\u00fa\nagus treigint raison d\u2019etre<\/em> an ph\u00f3sta mar cloch choirn\u00e9il i dt\u00f3gail\nsocha\u00ed daonna is bunchuis leis an ainnis shoisialta at\u00e1 ag r\u00e9abadh roimhe i\nsochaithe forbartha Iarthair an Domhain. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Bagairt ar shibhialtacht na hEorpa<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Ah ! well a-day ! what evil looks
                                          \nHad I from old and young !
                                          \nInstead of the cross, the Albatross
                                          \nAbout my neck was hung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          (Coleridge, \u201cThe Ancient Mariner\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Bagairt an bh\u00e1is f\u00e9in at\u00e1 anois ag sn\u00e1mh ar chraiceann\nshibhialtacht na hEorpa. An t-albatras go bhfuil greim sc\u00f3rnaigh ar a mheanma\nlaghad na leana\u00ed at\u00e1 \u00e1 ngineadh. Gealladh go mbeadh an choisc\u00edn n\u00f3 an phiolla\nin ann l\u00edon t\u00ed leana\u00ed a phlean\u00e1il ach n\u00ed plean\u00e1il ach cosc ar bhreith a thoradh.\nN\u00edl t\u00edr d\u00e1 chuid ann ina bhfuil r\u00e1ta breithe\nriachtannach do thodhca\u00ed fhol\u00e1in. Toradh ar seo\ngo bhfuil g\u00e9irch\u00e9im deimeagrafach ag bagairt ar an Eoraip\ntr\u00ed ch\u00e9ile. Is cinnte gur ch\u00fais le seo an easpa\nd\u00f3chais roimh a todhcha\u00ed. Spiorad\u00e1ltacht seascaithe, imn\u00edoch, eaglach gan\nd\u00f3chas saor\u00e1nachta nach bhfeiceann roimh sliocht a shleachta, a chult\u00far agus a\nsheasamhacht, ach asamhl\u00fa na n-imirceach <\/strong>ar\na mbeidh siad ag braith ar ball. Lion na n\u00ad-imirceach (??) seo\ncoinnithe \u201car an taobh amuigh\u201d faoi l\u00e1thair, ach ag m\u00e9ad\u00fa go bagrach ar an chumhacht agus stiur\u00fa, ord is eagar,\nat\u00e1 go f\u00f3ill i seilbh na mbund\u00fachasach (?)\nf\u00e9in. N\u00edl an torth\u00falacht chult\u00fartha i mheanma na hEorpa a ghinfeadh an d\u00f3chas dochlo\u00edte\nar a bhraitheann sl\u00e1nfh\u00e1s aon sibhialtachta. <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          Is f\u00edor seo go h\u00e1irithe len\u00e1r linn f\u00e9in\nagus aghaidh daonna misni\u00fail, failti\u00fail le fearradh againn\nroimh l\u00edon na dteifeach at\u00e1 ag pl\u00f3d\u00fa\nisteach ag lorg chaighdean saoil at\u00e1 coscaithe ortha ina dt\u00edortha d\u00fachais f\u00e9in. Go mba ch\u00f3ir go mbeadh a shliocht a fhanann ar ball n\u00edos Eorpa\u00ed na na\nhEorpaigh f\u00e9in \u2013 ach t\u00e1 seo ag braith ar\nfoll\u00e1ine dheimeagrafach na hEorpa f\u00e9in. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Go dt\u00ed go n-athaims\u00edtear beonasc leo si\u00fad ar an imeall agus go nginfear chomharch\u00faram i\ngcoinsias leo, is baolach go leanfaidh an b\u00e1s ag sn\u00e1mh ar chraiceann\nsibhialtacht na hEorpa agus Iarthair an Domhain. Go deimhin nuair a\nbhraithniotar ar th\u00edortha Aontais na hEorpa agus a gcuid chinnir\u00ed, le Angela\nMerkel mar eisceacht sonrach, ag tiont\u00fa droime ar na dear\u00f3il (???) <\/strong>lasmuigh de sconsa\u00ed m\u00edthr\u00f3caireacha nuath\u00f3gaithe is\nf\u00e9idir go bhfuil bagairt an bh\u00e1is chult\u00fartha f\u00e9in sin cheana\nf\u00e9in s\u00e1innithe go smior ina mheanma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Peter Sutherland mar guth sa\nbhf\u00e1sach ag nochtadh fim\u00ednteacht agus easpa dhaonnacht\u00falacht chinnir\u00ed na\nhEorpa. Fada \u00f3 fh\u00eds Chr\u00edost\u00fail Maurice Schumann at\u00e1 meoin agus meanma an AE. <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          An \u00d3ige<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Is i gcailli\u00faint na tuisceana reiligi\u00fanda gur beith\nchoisricthe gach aon bheatha daonna le br\u00ed agus\nluach speis\u00edalta, agus le h-aidhm n\u00f3 aidhmeanna pearsanta \u00f3snad\u00fartha le\nhaimsiu, is pr\u00edomhch\u00fais leis an \u00e9ad\u00f3chas a bhrosta\u00edonn \u00f3ige, ach go hairithe, chun l\u00e1mh a chur ina bh\u00e1s\nf\u00e9in. Buaneasnamh pr\u00edomha spiorad\u00e1lta seo a\nchinnnt\u00edon nach bhfuil ollaidhmeanna daonna \u00e1 chuir ina l\u00e1thair a fhreastl\u00f3dh\nar an id\u00e9ileachais is d\u00fail don \u00f3ige. Coth\u00fa spioradalta at\u00e1 riachtannach don\n\u00f3ige agus iad ag teacht in aib\u00edocht agus i ngleic leis an saol, rud a thug ar T.S. Eliot moladh d\u00f3ibh teachtaireacht na h-\u00f3gmhn\u00e1, Simone\nWeil, in a saothar d\u00fashl\u00e1nach, \u2019l\u2019Enracinement\u2019\n\/ \u2018The need for roots\u2019, a shealbh\u00fa. Mhol s\u00e9 d\u00f3ibh an leabhar, a scr\u00edodh s\u00ed (?) i L\u00fandan Shasana c\u00fapla m\u00ed roimh b\u00e1s di in aois\ntr\u00edocha is a ceathair, a l\u00e9amh \u2018before their leisure time has been lost and\ntheir capacity for thought destroyed in the life of the hustings and the\nlegislative assembly; books the effect of which, we can only hope, will become\napparent in the attitude of mind of another generation\u2019. Gu\u00edmid gur i ngl\u00fain \u00f3g an lae inniu a bhl\u00e1th\u00f3idh a mholadh s\u00fad! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Abhus <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          C\u00fais s\u00e1ch thrag\u00f3ideach eile ata fr\u00e9amhaithe i dteachtaireacht aimrid seo\n\u00e1r linne in \u00c9irinn an ollfh\u00e1s in \u00f3lach\u00e1in agus i \u2018social drug taking\u2019 a fh\u00e1gann\nionaid A& E in \u00e1r n-ospuideil l\u00e1n go b\u00e9il le d\u00e9ag\u00f3iri agus go fiu gasuir\n\u00f3lta n\u00f3 gafa ag druga\u00ed ag na deireadh\nseachtainn\u00ed go hairithe. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          N\u00ed luatar sna me\u00e1in i gcoitinne cr\u00e1 eile de m\u00edos\u00far \u2018The Hidden Ireland\u2019\n\u00e1r linne, nach raibh cinnte i gceist ag D\u00f3nal \u00d3 Corcora. Is \u00e9 sin o\u00edcheannta\ngan codladh dheireadh seachtainne thuismitheoiri agus iad ar chip\u00edn\u00ed ar eagla\nan glaoch f\u00f3in n\u00f3 an cnag drochsc\u00e9alach ag an doras. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Ollfhadhb sl\u00e1inte an bheathaitheacht (obesity) at\u00e1 anois ag leathn\u00fa\nimeasc \u00f3g agus n\u00edos sine, fadhb at\u00e1 seo ginnte\nsan fh\u00e9insh\u00e1samh agus cailli\u00faint f\u00e9insmachta, f\u00e9inmheasa agus go deimhin cailli\u00faint\nd\u00f3chais i gcult\u00far\nseasc an \u00e1bharachais.<\/p>\n\n\n

                                          <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          \u2018Eat, Drink and be merry,for ALREADY we are dying\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Creideamh dall seo an Nua-aimsearachais a chotha\u00edonn Ceadmhachas agus\nF\u00e9inrogha, gl\u00e9asta in eadaigh uasal na Saoirse\nagus an Comhch\u00e9imeachais faoi seach, at\u00e1 \u00e1r m\u00edthreor\u00fa, \u00e1r nd\u00ed-uaisli\u00fa. \u201cAn dall\nagus an bacach agus an dall chun tosaigh\u201d gan aon ag\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Nach d\u00e1na an mhaise dos na\nNua-aimsearaigh maoimh go bhfuil r\u00e9 urnua le moladh aimsithe i gcult\u00far \u00e1r linne\nmar mhalairt ar r\u00e9 n\u00ed r\u00f3fhada uainn inar t\u00f3gadh go leor againn — r\u00e9, a bh\u00ed dar\nleo, dorcha, frithdhaonna, fr\u00e9amhaithe agus cungaithe i ndall creidimh reiligi\u00fanda? R\u00e9 ina\nraibh, ainneoin a lochtanna, aon d\u00fanmhar\u00fa amh\u00e1in ina phr\u00edomh sc\u00e9al uaf\u00e1is na\nbliana nach m\u00f3r, inar shi\u00fal idir aosaigh agus \u00f3ige \u2018sto\u00edche gan buairt faoi\nionsa\u00ed, ina fh\u00e1gfa\u00ed d\u00f3irs\u00ed gan glas\u00e1il l\u00e1 is\no\u00edche gan baol rob\u00e1la, ina raibh urraim tugtha ag fir do mhn\u00e1, ina raibh\nmac\u00e1ntacht sa saol poibl\u00ed agus polaiti\u00fail agus m\u00edneadas \u00e1irithe i gcaint agus i\nngreann. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          \u201cWhen we were growing up in Ringsend in the Thirties\u201d, ad\u00fairt an\niardhornala\u00ed, Jimmy Ingle, liom dorn\u00e1n de bhlianta o shoin, \u201cwe idiolized old\npeople. Now they\u2019re killing them.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Freagra simpl\u00ed ar ch\u00fais le stuacacht dall seo na Nua-aimsearach go\ngcaithfear an creideamh nua, an siuid-liobr\u00e1lachas, a chosaint, a\nchraobhscaoileadh agus a adhr\u00e1dh ag alt\u00f3ir c\u00fangchro\u00edch an \u00c1bharachais Fheals\u00fanaigh. \u201cThe faith must be upheld!\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          D\u00f3chas <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Ach b\u00edodh\nionainn, creidmhigh, thar aon gr\u00fapa, d\u00f3chas as \u00e1r nDia agus as a phobal. Nach f\u00e9idir f\u00f3s spiorad\u00e1ltach seascaithe\nna hEorpa a uisci\u00fa! R\u00f3l d\u00fainne, creidmhigh na h\u00c9ireann, sa tasc. Bh\u00edomar ann\ncheana nuair a bh\u00ed manaigh na h\u00c9ireann ar th\u00fas cadhna\u00edochta i nd\u00edbirt barbaracht de shaghas eile a\nbh\u00ed ag bagairt ar shibhialtacht na M\u00f3r-roinne. T\u00e1 l\u00e9acht eolgasach ana-bhrea,\n\u201cEurope and the Irish monks\u201d le Enzo Farinella, le haimsi\u00fa ach seo a\nGhoogle\u00e1il.<\/p>\n\n\n

                                          <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          Nach\nbhfuil a nd\u00fachas si\u00fad f\u00f3s in\u00e1r ngin chult\u00fartha mar a leir\u00edtear ag misin\u00e9ir\u00ed \u00e1r\nlinne f\u00e9in agus ag an taca\u00edocht tr\u00e9an a thugann cosmhuintir na h\u00c9ireann i\ngc\u00f3na\u00ed don Domhan Treighte! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Fainic <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Slad spiorad\u00e1lta, loitim\u00e9ireacht na staire i ngach aois, an f\u00e9idir go mbaineann\n\u00e1r leith\u00e9idne, go fi\u00fa m\u00e1s go fulangach, lena leith\u00e9id\u00ed?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Creidimid gur buan-sealbha\u00edocht, sonas i mbaclann a Chruthaitheora, cuma go nglaotar \u201cDia, an Fhirinne,\nAllah, Sat-Chin-Ananda n\u00f3 Nirbhea\u201d air, an todhcha\u00ed a gealltar do na dear\u00f3il\ntr\u00e9igthe. Is anseo a feictear dom baol d\u00e1r\nseasamh mar Cr\u00edostaithe i dtaca leis na dear\u00f3il. M\u00e1s f\u00edor go n-aims\u00edonn na dear\u00f3il buanchomhluadar clainne D\u00e9 f\u00e9in narab fhi\u00fa an\nfhulaingt! Scaoiltear muid go fochoinsiasach, \u00f3 dualgasa\u00edocht ina leith. Sea,\nis maith go dtugtar taca\u00edocht airithe d\u00f3ibh tr\u00ed chorr-shintuis do leitheid\u00ed\nGoal, Trocaire, Sight Savers n\u00f3 a leitheid\u00ed.\nS\u00fap dar gcoinseas go nglacfar le saghas tuisceana\nch\u00fang chomp\u00f3rdach, nach raibh i gceist, silim, ag Browning, do “God’s in\nhis Heaven\/All’s right with the world!”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          An saghas agn\u00f3iseachta bog\u00e1sa\u00ed\nseo, is baol don chreideamh tana\u00ed foclach seo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Mar an gc\u00e9anna, is baol go nglactar le meabhr\u00fach\u00e1n Cr\u00edost f\u00e9in d\u00fainn go\nmbeadh na bocht\u00e1in i gc\u00f3na\u00ed linn mar shaghas leithsc\u00e9il\nchun na paidreacha amh\u00e1in a chur lena gcruach\u00e1s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Dair\u00edre n\u00ed raibh i gceist ag Cr\u00edost ach an fhirinne shearbh a chur \u00f3s \u00e1r gcomhair.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Ach is cinnte nach aon chomhairle \u00e1r\nleasa uaidh go bhf\u00e1gfar na hainiseoir\u00ed gan c\u00fanamh. Nios m\u00f3 f\u00f3s l\u00e9ireofar L\u00e1 an\nLuain d\u00f3ibh si\u00fad in\u00e1r measc a chlis ar na dear\u00f3il len\u00e1r linn fein gurab \u00e9 fein\na fh\u00e1gadh ar an dtr\u00e1 fholamh. Is sa tuiscint seo, s\u00edlim, a th\u00f3g ar an Mhahatma Gandhi\na r\u00e1: \u201cL\u00edonann Seanm\u00f3ir Chr\u00edost ar an Sliabh m\u00e9 le haoibhneas go fi\u00fa sa l\u00e1\ninni\u00fa. T\u00e1 s\u00e9 de chumhacht ag a vearsa\u00ed milise\nc\u00e9asadh m\u2019anam a mhaol\u00fa (quench) sa l\u00e1 inniu f\u00e9in\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Rogha de roghanna romhainn <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          An f\u00e9idir go dtuillfimid an\ndaorbhreith dheiridh toisc n\u00e1ch bhfuilimid i\ngcabhair air agus i gcomhair leis an Chr\u00edost c\u00e9anna i bhfoirmeacha na ndear\u00f3il\ntr\u00e9igthe a fhulaing\u00edonn len\u00e1r linn f\u00e9in mar strainseiri, iad tartmhar, de cheal\n\u00e9adaigh, t\u00ednn agus sti\u00fagtha leis an ocras agus go fi\u00fa i mbaol bh\u00e1s ainniseach\ngo d\u00edreach tar \u00e9is bhreith dibh? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Dear\u00f3il \u00e1r linne <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          \u201cNi ins an ainnise is measa linn bheith sios go deo\nach an tarcaisne a leanas sinn i ndiaidh na leon\u201d a chaoin Eoghan Rua \u00d3\nSuilleabh\u00e1in (1748- 1784) . I gc\u00e1s na haimsire ina mhairimid an f\u00e9idir gur\nmuidne na leoin chatha a thr\u00e9igeann ainniseoir\u00ed\n\u00e1r linne a fhulaing\u00edonn ar tairseach \u00e1r n-iomarca\u00edochta.
                                          \nBhfuil, d\u00e1 bharr \u00e1r n-easpa taca\u00edochta d\u00f3ibh, f\u00e1th go\nmbeadh droch choinsias orainn seachas trua s\u00e1ch fulangach n\u00f3 b\u00e1 fhoclach luaite\nagainn do ch\u00e1s seo na ndear\u00f3il lena mbainim\u00edd? Go caoinim\u00edd, \u00f3 dhuine go duine:\n\u2018Ach cad is feidir LIOMSA a dh\u00e9anamh faoin eag\u00f3ir seo\u201d, seachas go scairtimid\n\u201cCad IS f\u00e9idir liomsa a dh\u00e9anamh faoi cruach\u00e1s mo chomharsan?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          C\u00e9n f\u00e1th nach gcuachfa\u00ed iad san, nach\ndtumfa\u00ed iad, lena bh\u00edonn buanphl\u00e9 againn leo, i dtuiscint\nnuadhoimhnithe de Chomhar na gComharsan. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          \u00c1r \u201cgComplicit\u00e9\u201d Praitici\u00fail <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Tar \u00e9is gach a bhfuil r\u00e1ite agus geallta faoin \u00e9ag\u00f3ir a aithn\u00edmid, nach iad \u00e1r v\u00f3ta\u00ed — mo ghuthsa agus do ghuthsa — a thugann imprimatur an daonlathais do na c\u00f3rais pholaiti\u00fala\nagus instidi\u00faidi\u00fa beala\u00ed tr\u00e1d\u00e1la a bhuana\u00edonn\neag\u00f3ir i gcursa\u00ed idirn\u00e1siunta. Iad seo cuid mhaith fr\u00e9amhaithe i saint agus\ntugtha don m\u00e9f\u00e9ineachas\nis buanch\u00fais le d\u00edbirt na ndear\u00f3l (??)\n<\/strong>go f\u00e1sach na hainnise agus na\nheaspa. Cosc curth\northu aon deis a bheith acu le bheith\ncomhph\u00e1irteach sa dul chun\ncinn at\u00e1 in\u00e1r\nseilbh i nDomhan\nan D\u00f3thain agus\nna hIomarca, ar cuid d\u00e1 ndomhain \u00e9 freisin. <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          An claochl\u00fa a MH\u00daSCL\u00d3S MUID<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          \u201cC\u00e9 hiad sin mo chomharsa a\nbhfuil faobhar ar a ngoile?\u201d teideal an ailt\nseo. C\u00e9n gaol dair\u00edre at\u00e1 eadrainn agus conas go bhfuilimid ag cliseadh ortha?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          N\u00ed comharsana amh\u00e1in sinn uile ar an gcruinne \u00e1lainn\nseo ach gaolta. Gaolta in eisint. T\u00e1 leide d\u00fainn sa Ghaeilge: \u201cM\u00e1s amhlaidh gurb \u00e9 \u00c1dhamh\n\u00e1r gc\u00e9ad athair agus gurb \u00ed \u00c9abha \u00e1r gc\u00e9ad mh\u00e1thair, nach uasal mar an gc\u00e9anna gach a dt\u00e1inig uathu.\u201d\n<\/em>Cuirim leis sin an fh\u00edric gur de shliocht D\u00e9 f\u00e9in gach neach daonna, \u201cgan\neisceacht<\/em> ar bith\u201d. \u201cMar cib\u00e9 duine a chomhl\u00edonann toil Mo Athair\nat\u00e1 sna Flaithis, is eiseann Mo dhearthair agus deirfi\u00far agus m\u00e1thair.\u201d N\u00edl duine n\u00f3 deora\u00ed nach f\u00e9idir toil D\u00e9 a chomhl\u00edondh.\nN\u00ed gaol fola seo ach gaolmhaireacht in\u00e1r chomhshealbha\u00edocht spiorad\u00e1lta gan\nteorainn. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Cuimhn\u00edm\u00eds fosta nach gaolmhaireacht\nar feadh an tseala ama\nde bhlianta ina gcomhmairimid\nar dhroim \u00e1r gCruinne\nat\u00e1 i gceist ach \u00ed i bhfad \u00c9ireann n\u00edos buaine mar gur\ngaolmhaireacht sh\u00edora\u00ed \u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          T\u00e1 \u00e1r mbeith uile, mar a bh\u00ed riamh agus mar a bheidh\ngo deo, foinsithe sa ts\u00edorra\u00edocht agus is sa chomhth\u00e9acs pribhl\u00e9ideach sin go mbuana\u00edtear oibleag\u00e1ideacht\n(=???; feic leathanach 2; obligingness)<\/strong> d\u00e1 ch\u00e9ile uile orainn sa seal saol ina mhairimid. Sin, s\u00edlim, is br\u00ed leis an Dara\nhAithne agus ni feidir bheith i dtiuin le h-\u00e9ilimh an Ch\u00e9ad Aithne ach go saothra\u00edtear \u00e9 i gcomhar leis an gr\u00e1 d\u00e1 cheile uile chomh fada\nagus is f\u00e9idir. T\u00e1 seo mar buanriachtannas \u00e1r ngairme mar chreidmhigh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Is \u00e9 an\n\u201cchomh fada agus is feidir\u201d sin a chaithfear a shaoradh,\na scaoileadh \u00f3 na laincis\u00ed neamh\u00e1irdeallacha at\u00e1 cumtha againn ina leith. Is g\u00e1\nanois go n-oscl\u00f3far d\u00fainn agus romhainn nuafh\u00eds daonna Dia-l\u00edonta a chlaochl\u00f3s\nan spiorad\u00e1ltacht s\u00e1ch leamh, mura bhfuil s\u00e9\nseascaithe, ina bhfuil \u00e1r meanmna s\u00e1innithe.\nAthnuachantfar aghaidh na tal\u00fan d\u00e1 bharr seo \u2013\u2018c\u2019est presque l\u2019analogue d\u2019une\nr\u00e9v\u00e9lation nouvelle de l\u2019universe et de la destin\u00e9e humaine\u201d i bhfoclaibh\nSimone Weil. <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          Claochl\u00f3far\ngn\u00e9ithe, folaithe go dt\u00ed seo, in\u00e1r n-ionannas uile agus \u00e1illeacht spiorad\u00e1lta a ghabhann leo i nua-nascadh eadrainn mar ph\u00e1ist\u00ed \u00e1r gCruthath\u00f3ra uile. T\u00e1 an claochl\u00fa seo \u00e9ilithe orainn toisc an dul chun cinn iontach uile i gcumais agus saineolais\nluaite thuas a bhronnann orainn anois f\u00e9idireachta\u00ed nach raibh riamh i seilbh\nan chine dhaonna go nuige seo.\nBearna agus easnamh mhor\u00e1lta in \u00e1r gcomhroinnt leo is c\u00fais leis na heag\u00f3racha at\u00e1 \u00e1 n-imirt ar\nna dear\u00f3il tr\u00e9igthe agus ipso facto<\/em> leis na hiliomad fadhbanna sois\u00edalta\nat\u00e1 \u00e1r gcr\u00e1 sa Domhain f\u00e9in-l\u00e1rnach forbartha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Is i mbeo-shaothr\u00fa na cothroma\u00edochta\n(egalitarianism) a gheallann (??) <\/em><\/strong>agus a \u00e9il\u00edonn\ngo\ndeimhin Cothrom na F\u00e9inne do gach mac agus in\u00edon\nm\u00e1thar, gaolta in eisint, agus at\u00e1 buanaithe\ni sainmh\u00edni\u00fa reiligi\u00fanda d\u00e1r nd\u00ednit\nindibhidi\u00falach uile mar bhaill Chlann\nD\u00e9, at\u00e1 an chinnteacht\nis buaine ar f\u00e9idir d\u00fashl\u00e1n seo \u00e1r linne\na fhr\u00e9amh\u00fa, a choth\u00fa agus a shaothr\u00fa. Buille go\nsmior le bheith tugtha don chin\u00edochas agus d\u2019aon bhr\u00e9ag- ghradamachas ar bhoinn oideachais,\neirimi\u00falacht, talainn n\u00f3 st\u00e1das mar nach raibh, nach bhfuil n\u00f3 nach mbeidh\nriamh neach daonna nach de stoc diaga \u00e9 n\u00f3 \u00ed. N\u00f3 n\u00edl duine n\u00f3 deora\u00ed nach gr\u00e1nn \u00e1r gCruthaitheoir uile \u00e9 n\u00f3\n\u00ed, agus go n-\u00e9il\u00edtear orainn Uaidh an gr\u00e1 c\u00e9anna sin d\u00e1 cheile a aimsi\u00fa ionainn f\u00e9in. Ansin\nsaorfar muid dair\u00edre chun comharsan\u00falacht nua-bhisithe a bhuan\u00fa ar mhaithe agus\ni gcomhar leo si\u00fad, ach go h\u00e1irithe, at\u00e1 d\u00edbeartha go dt\u00ed seo chun \u201can\ntaobh amuigh\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Is i an ch\u00e9ad cheim n\u00e1 go n-aimseofar le pr\u00e1inn tuiscint n\u00edos doimhne le saothru dona\ngaolfhoins\u00ed ina bhfuil an comharsan\u00falacht seo fr\u00e9amhaithe. S\u00edolfae (??\nSh\u00edolfa\u00ed?? S\u00edolfar?; Sh\u00edolf\u00e1??) an \u201cDiult\u00fa d\u2019Fhonn\nCruth\u00fa\u201d seo i gcoinsiasa\u00ed indibhidi\u00falacha \u00e1r leitheidne, cosmhuintir na\ncruinne, \u00f3 dhuine go duine go lasfar seo ina chomh\u00e9ileamh doshrianta lonnaithe\ni gcoinsias com\u00f3nta saor\u00e1nach Iarthair an Domhain tr\u00ed ch\u00e9ile. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Ach, tuigtear dom gur c\u00e9ad ch\u00e9im san aistir\nspiorad\u00e1lta seo go ngu\u00edfear D\u00e9 ag iarraidh doimhniu in\u00e1r dtuiscint d\u00e1r\nngar-ghaolmaireacht in eisint len\u00e1r gcomharsana uile fud fad na Cruinne. Nach \u00c9iseann \u00e1r nAthair uile?<\/p>\n\n\n

                                          <\/p>\n\n\n

                                          T\u00e1 dh\u00e1 shruth d\u00e1r gcreidimh d\u00fachasach a\nlionann, m\u00e1s go lag f\u00e9in seo sa l\u00e1 inniu, an tascumar spiorad\u00e1lta at\u00e1 i gc\u00f3nai ar f\u00e1il d\u00fainn. A mheanma seo le\nhathghabh\u00e1il agus le blaiseadh in am\nseo an gh\u00e1tair. F\u00e9ith na misin\u00e9ireachta a chlaochlaigh cheana f\u00e9in cult\u00far na hEorpa agus \u00e9 ar a dh\u00e9 dheiridh, agus f\u00e9ith an fhinn\u00e9\nneamhgh\u00e9ili\u00fail a shaothra\u00edodh ag cosmhuintir na h\u00c9ireann ag carraigeacha ceilte\nan Aifrinn agus iad i mbaol a mb\u00e1is d\u00e1 bharr. Beidh an\nt-arml\u00f3n spiorad\u00e1lta seo, \u00e1r bhfirinne f\u00e9in, le saothr\u00fa go mbeidh muid d\u00edlis\ndon drithle sin de at\u00e1 beo ionainn go f\u00f3ill. Adhn\u00f3far sa\u00edocht leathdhearmadta\ngo mbeidh s\u00e9 ina nuasholas spiorad\u00e1lta na maitheasa le saothr\u00fa as an nua. Seo a\nmhisneofar muid chun seasamh neamheaglach roimh \u201cbr\u00fa na n-allmharach agus s\u00edor\nathr\u00fa an tsaoil\u201d mar a chomhailrigh Breand\u00e1n \u00d3 Doibhlin d\u00fainn ina shaothar f\u00e1idhi\u00fail, \u201cNeal Maidne agus Tine O\u00edche\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          Is \u00e9 an d\u00fashl\u00e1n at\u00e1\nr\u00f3mhainn n\u00e1 r\u00f3l suntasach a ghlacadh i gcoth\u00fa nasc idirchin\u00edoch a leathn\u00f3s sna c\u00e9adta r\u00f3mhainn i\ngcruth\u00fa nuasibhialtacht dhomhanda. Bu\u00edochas do na h-iliomad beala\u00ed cumars\u00e1ide\nagus teagmh\u00e1la in\u00e1r seilbh, nach raibh riamh i seilbh an Duine go nuige seo, is\nf\u00e9idir go dtap\u00f3far an t-aistear cult\u00fartha chun ceannscr\u00edbe sa ch\u00e9ad seo f\u00e9in. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          R\u00e9 \u00far don chine daonna le haimsi\u00fa mar a cuireadh \u00f3s\n\u00e1r gcomhair mar dh\u00fashl\u00e1n ag an Riord\u00e1nach\nina dh\u00e1n, \u201cN\u00ed Ceadmhach Neamhshuim\u201d. N\u00ed beag sin cinnte. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          (4000 focal; 17-4-16)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          2,451 focal. 30\/3\/2016 2,974 1.4.\u201916<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          3.255 3\/4\/16. circa 4560 focal 5\/4\/2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          [1]<\/sup><\/a> I dtaca le foins\u00ed Li\u00fatair f\u00e9ach\nH. Bluhm, Martin Luther Creative Translator<\/em> (St. Louis 1965).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                          An S\u00edolad\u00f3ir Nua Uimhir a hAon Earrach 2016 Cl\u00fadach Cl\u00e1r Stair Chumann na Sagart        (7,000 focal) Tom\u00e1s \u00d3 Fiaich 1-15 Sagairt Dheoise Bhaile \u00c1tha Cliathagus an \u00c9ir\u00ed Amach 1916 Diarmuid … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1155,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-654","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/654","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=654"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/654\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1101,"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/654\/revisions\/1101"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1155"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=654"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}