{"id":656,"date":"2019-05-10T10:48:04","date_gmt":"2019-05-10T10:48:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/?page_id=656"},"modified":"2020-04-22T09:28:51","modified_gmt":"2020-04-22T09:28:51","slug":"aiste","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/?page_id=656","title":{"rendered":"Aiste"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

AISTE<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

De Initiis: Gn\u00e9ithe den L\u00e9ann Eaglasta in \u00c9irinn A.D. 600-800<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e1irt\u00edn Mac Conmara MSC<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. R\u00e9amhr\u00e1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ionann an togra De initiis, <\/em>\u201cNa c\u00e9imeanna tosaigh\u201d agus an l\u00e9ann eaglasta in \u00c9irinn sna blianta tosaigh AD 600-800.[1]<\/a>Is\n \u00e9 a bheadh mar aidhm ag an tionscadal n\u00e1 picti\u00far ioml\u00e1n den r\u00e9 sin \u00f3 \nthaobh l\u00e9ann eaglasta de a chruth\u00fa \u00f3n fhianaise at\u00e1 againn \u00f3 fhoins\u00ed \ndeimhnithe \u00e9ags\u00fala, t\u00e9acsanna a bhaineann le leis an mB\u00edoba ina measc. \nSa ph\u00e1ip\u00e9ar seo clo\u00edfimid ach go h\u00e1irithe leis an luath-r\u00e9, an t-s\u00e9\u00fa \nagus seacht\u00fa haois agus gluaiseanna an Codex Usserianus Primus (seacht\u00fa \nhaois), tr\u00e1chtaireacht le Apponius ar Laoi na Laoithe <\/em>agus Columbanus (s\u00e9\u00fa haois), an giorr\u00fach\u00e1n de sin, an Cathach, <\/em>idir th\u00e9acs an Bh\u00edobla agus na Tituli <\/em>(seacht\u00fa haois), agus na Soisc\u00e9il Laidine \u00c9ireannacha (ocht\u00fa haois).<\/p>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n

2. Usserianus Primus<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e1mhscr\u00edbhinn den tseacht\u00fa c\u00e9ad i gCol\u00e1iste na Trin\u00f3ide \u00e9 Codex \nUsserianus leis an Ceithre Soisc\u00e9il sa t\u00e9acs Sean-Laidine. N\u00ed fios go \ndeimhin an in \u00c9irinn n\u00f3 ar an M\u00f3r-Roinn a scr\u00edobhadh c\u00e9aduair. B\u00edodh sin\n mar at\u00e1 t\u00e1 gluaiseanna tur-bioranna (dry-point<\/em>) ar an dt\u00e9acs \u00f3n tseacht\u00fa haois dh\u00e9anach, an ceann is iomr\u00e1it\u00ed d\u00edobh an focal is sine at\u00e1 ar f\u00e1il sa Ghaeilge, sin le r\u00e1 focrici<\/em> (\u201ctuarastal\u201d) ar an bhfocal Laidine stipendiis<\/em> i L\u00fac\u00e1s 3:14, leis an gciall ch\u00e9anna, mar a thug Bernhard Bischoff faoi deara.[2]<\/a> Rinne P\u00e1draig \u00d3 N\u00e9ill taighde faoi leith ar na 137 gluaiseanna tur-bioranna sa l\u00e1mhscr\u00edbhinn seo.[3]<\/a>\n Ina thuairim si\u00fad t\u00e9ann an fhianaise go l\u00e9ir faoi na gluaiseannna seo \u00f3\n thaobh \u00e1bhair, teanga, l\u00e1mhscr\u00edbhneoireacht de le d\u00e1ta den tseacht\u00fa \nhaois dh\u00e9anach a dheimhn\u00fa do na gluaiseanna seo de Usserianus Primus<\/em>.\n Dar le \u00d3 N\u00e9ill is f\u00e9idir bheith r\u00e9as\u00fanta deimhin de go bhfuil na \ngluaiseanna seo faoi thionchar foins\u00ed seo de Aithreacha na hEaglaise: \nTr\u00e1chtaireacht Iar\u00f3m ar Mhatha, agus a mh\u00edni\u00fa ar na hainmneacha \nEabhracha; tr\u00e1chtaireacht Ambr\u00f3s ar L\u00fac\u00e1s; Tractatus in Matthaeum<\/em> le Chromatius; 40 homailithe ar na Soisc\u00e9il le Greag\u00f3ir; Formula spiritalis intellegentiae <\/em>le Eucherius; b\u2019fh\u00e9idir a Regula<\/em> le Benedict as Nursia; agus an Descensus ad inferos<\/em>\n apacraf\u00fail. B\u00edodh gur ar th\u00e9acs Sean-Laidine na gluaiseanna, dar le \u00d3 \nN\u00e9ill ba \u00ed an Vulg\u00e1id an fhoinse ba mh\u00f3 ar bhaineadh \u00fas\u00e1id as, agus \ndealra\u00edonn s\u00e9 gurb \u00e9 sin B\u00edobla an t\u00e9 a rinne na gluaiseanna.\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e1s dleathach an fhianaise seo taispe\u00e1nann s\u00e9 go raibh teacht ar \nroinnt mhaith den litr\u00edocht thraidisi\u00fanta ar an mB\u00edobla ag scol\u00e1ir\u00ed \n\u00c9ireannacha sa seacht\u00fa c\u00e9ad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Apponius agus Columbanus (ca. <\/em>A.D. 600)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Is f\u00e9idir linn glacadh le Columbanus mar fhinn\u00e9 don l\u00e9ann eaglasta \nagus go sonrach l\u00e9ann an Bhobla, in \u00c9irinn sa s\u00e9\u00fa agus sa tseacht\u00fa \nhaois, b\u00edodh gur \u00f3n seacht\u00fa haois a scr\u00edbhinn\u00ed. Fear m\u00f3r l\u00e9itheoireachta\n ar thr\u00e1chtaireachta\u00ed ar an mB\u00edobla a bh\u00ed ann. Ina ch\u00e9ad litir go dt\u00ed an\n P\u00e1pa Greag\u00f3ir (A.D. 600) d\u00fairt s\u00e9 go raibh s\u00e9 leabhar le Iar\u00f3m ar \nEizic\u00e9il l\u00e9ite aige agus d\u2019iarr s\u00e9 ar an bP\u00e1pa a l\u00e9achta\u00ed f\u00e9in ar an \nbhf\u00e1idh sin a chur chuige. Ansin d\u2019iarr s\u00e9 air tr\u00e1chtaireacht ar Caintic na gCaintic\u00ed<\/em> (Laoi na Laoithe) <\/em>a chur chuige: (Epistola<\/em> I.9):[4]<\/a> \u201ctransmitte et Cantica Canticorum ab illo loco, in quo dicit, Ibo ad montem myrrhae et collem thuris <\/em>[Caintic 4:6]\u00b8 usque ad finem\u201d, \u201c<\/em>cuir\n chugam chomh maith Caintic na gCaintic\u00ed \u00f3n \u00e1it ina deirtear \u201crachaidh \nm\u00e9 go cnoc an mhirr, go tulach na t\u00faise\u201d, go dt\u00ed deireadh\u201d,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00ed raibh ach an t-aon tr\u00e1chtaireacht amh\u00e1in ar an Laoi na Laoithe<\/em> le f\u00e1il san Iarthar, an tr\u00e1th sin, an ceann le Apponius, faoin dteideal In Canticum Canticorum Expositio.[5]<\/strong><\/a> <\/em>T\u00e1 eagr\u00e1n critici\u00fail thar barr de, mar aon le aistri\u00fach\u00e1n Fraincise, d\u00e9anta ag Bernard de Vregille agus Louis Neyrand in 1986,[6]<\/a> agus l\u00e9irmheasanna critici\u00fala ar sin ag saineolaithe.[7]<\/a>\n N\u00edl aon eolas againn faoi Apponius seachas \u00e9 mar \u00fadar ar an saothar \nseo. Iod\u00e1lach a bh\u00ed ann a chum an saothar sa R\u00f3imh n\u00f3 n\u00edos d\u00f3ich\u00ed i \ndTuaisceart na hIod\u00e1ile m\u00e1s fianaise na h\u00fadair a bhaineann s\u00e9 \u00fas\u00e1id \nastu. Is d\u00f3cha gur sa ch\u00faigi\u00fa c\u00e9ad a chum s\u00e9, b\u00edodh go measann \u00fadair \n\u00e1irithe go bhfuil s\u00e9 n\u00edos d\u00e9ana\u00ed, sa s\u00e9\u00fa n\u00f3 fi\u00fa sa tseacht\u00fa haois. \nSaothar toirti\u00fail an tr\u00e1chtaireacht, i 12 leabhair, 319 leathanaigh san \neagr\u00e1n critici\u00fail, i st\u00edl fad\u00e1lach, scaoilte.<\/p>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n

T\u00e1 dh\u00e1 leabhar d\u00e9ag sa tr\u00e1chtaireacht, at\u00e1 tagaithe anuas chugainn go\n hioml\u00e1n agus i ngiorr\u00fach\u00e1n. N\u00ed raibh scaipeadh r\u00f3-mh\u00f3r ar bhunleagan \nApponius. N\u00ed heol ach ceithre th\u00e9acs den saothar den dh\u00e1 leabhar d\u00e9ag, \nagus is c\u00f3ip ceann amh\u00e1in d\u00edobh sin. T\u00e1 an t\u00e9acs ioml\u00e1n ag tr\u00ed chinn de \nna t\u00e9acsanna, agus sa cheann eile n\u00edl ann ach a leath, le s\u00e9 leabhar, ag\n dul chomh fada le Caintic 4:7 (Tota pulchra es amica m<\/em>ea \u2026; \u201c<\/em>\u00c1lainn t\u00fa ar fad, a r\u00fan; at\u00e1 t\u00fa gan ch\u00e1im\u201d) le macalla de 4:6 (Vadam ad montem murrae et ad collem turis; \u201c<\/em>rachaidh m\u00e9 go cnoc an mhirr, go tulach na t\u00faise\u201d.) sa ghluais (\u2026 ipsi \u201cmontes murrae et colles turis\u201d intelleguntur<\/em>). \u00d3 \u00c9pinal, i Vosges na Fraince, Biblioth\u00e8que municipale <\/em>78\n an l\u00e1mhscr\u00edbhinn leis an t\u00e9acs gairid, a th\u00e1inig \u00f3 mhainistitr Murbach,\n sna Vosges. T\u00e1 a fhios againn go raibh c\u00f3ipeanna den t\u00e9acs sa cheantar \nsin, ceann in Lautenbach agus an ceann eile i mainistir Luxeuil. Nuair a\n chum Angelomus as Luxeuil a thr\u00e1chtaireacht ar an gCaintic sa bhliain \n851 n\u00ed raibh f\u00e1il aige ach ar an gc\u00e9ad chuid de thr\u00e1chtaireacht \nApponius,[8]<\/a> mar a bh\u00ed ag Columbanus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bh\u00ed scaipeadh i bhfad n\u00edos fearr ar ghiorr\u00fach\u00e1n Apponius (faoin dteideal Veri amoris<\/em>),\n a bhfuil an t-eagr\u00e1n critici\u00fail de c\u00f3irithe as ceithre l\u00e1mhscr\u00edbhinn\u00ed \nd\u00e9ag \u00f3n seacht\u00fa go dt\u00ed an naoi\u00fa haois. I 1961 phl\u00e9 Alberto Vaccari an \neist faoin \u00e1it inar rinneadh an giorr\u00fach\u00e1n agus bh\u00ed s\u00e9 den tuairim gurb \nin \u00c9irinn \u00e9, t\u00edr ina raibh giorr\u00fach\u00e1in d\u00e1 leith\u00e9id \u00e1 nd\u00e9anamh ar \nshaothar Aithreacha na hEaglaise, amhail an ceann a rinne an scol\u00e1ire \n\u00c9ireannach Lathchen Mac Baith (a bh\u00e1saigh 661) ina ghiorr\u00fach\u00e1n de Moralia <\/em>Ghr\u00e9ag\u00f3ir ina Eglogae S. Gregorii Moralium in Job<\/em>.[9]<\/a>\n T\u00e1 glactha ag saineolaithe san \u00e1bhar (de Vregille agus Neyrand; Rossana\n E. Guglielmetti as Ollscoil Milano; Marc-Aeilko Aris Ollscoil M\u00fcnchen) \ngur i \u00c9irinn a rinneadh an giorr\u00fach\u00e1n, agus sin sa seacht\u00fa c\u00e9ad. T\u00e1 s\u00e9 \nsoil\u00e9ir, mar sin, go raibh t\u00e9acs ioml\u00e1n Apponius, ina dh\u00e1 leabhar d\u00e9ag, \nle f\u00e1il in \u00c9irinn sa seacht\u00fa c\u00e9ad. Bh\u00ed s\u00e9 ann n\u00edos d\u00e9ana\u00ed chomh maith, \nde r\u00e9ir dealraimh, de r\u00e9ir teidil amh\u00e1in i gcl\u00e1r na l\u00e1mhscr\u00edbhinn\u00ed i \nscr\u00edbneoirieach \u00c9ireannach (Libri scottice scripti) <\/em>i Leabharlainn St Gallen sa naoi\u00fa c\u00e9ad: Expositio in cantica canticorum, in quaternionibus II<\/em>, \u201c<\/em>L\u00e9irmh\u00edni\u00fa ar Chaintic na gCaintic\u00ed in dh\u00e1 bhu\u00edon gan ceangailt\u201d. <\/em>N\u00ed fol\u00e1ir gur tagairt do shaothar Apponius at\u00e1 anseo. An t-aon tr\u00e1chtas eile ar an Chainic<\/em> an tr\u00e1th sin n\u00e1 an d\u00e1 Homiliae in Canticum <\/em>le Greag\u00f3ir M\u00f3r, saothar beag, agus gur Homailithe at\u00e1 iontu seachas Expositio<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00edorbh fhol\u00e1ir cumas sa Laidin thar an ghn\u00e1th leis an giorr\u00fach\u00e1n a \ndh\u00e9anamh ar Apponius. Maidir lena chaighde\u00e1n mar shaothar, deir \neagarth\u00f3ir\u00ed an t\u00e9acs chritici\u00fail gurb \u00e9 at\u00e1 ann n\u00e1 toradh saothair oilte\n l\u00e9annta a roghnaigh sa t\u00e9acs bunaidh sraith ioml\u00e1n de shleachta , de \nghn\u00e1th an-ghairid, \u2013 san ioml\u00e1n pas beag n\u00edos l\u00fa n\u00e1 an tr\u00ed dheici\u00fa cuid \nden ioml\u00e1n \u2013 le go gcuirf\u00ed le ch\u00e9ile iad taobh le taobh le \ntr\u00e1chtaireacht lean\u00fanach a athchruth\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Is fi\u00fa aird a thabhairt ar thuairim eagarth\u00f3ir\u00ed eagr\u00e1n chritici\u00fail \nApponius, Bernard de Vregille and Louis Neyrand, ar th\u00fas agus ar \nsheacadah saothair seo Apponius:[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d3 fhoinse san Iod\u00e1il, mar a raibh s\u00e9 ar eolas go cinnte ag Greag\u00f3ir \nM\u00f3r, \u00e1it ar caomhna\u00edodh \u00e9 mar rud neamhchoitiahta, shrois an \ntr\u00e1chtaireacht reigi\u00fan na nOile\u00e1n (\u00c9ire agus an Bhreatain) agus is ansin\n a bh\u00ed an rath is m\u00f3 uirthi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u2019fh\u00e9idir gur shrois s\u00e9 \u00c9ire i dt\u00fas b\u00e1ire. Uaidh sin d\u2019fh\u00e9adfadh \nColumbanus \u00e9 a thabhairt go Luxeuil, \u00e1it inar l\u00e9adh ar a laghad roinnt \nde, mar is soli\u00e9ir, ag deireadh na s\u00e9\u00fa haoise. \u00d3 Luxeuil sa naoi\u00fa c\u00e9ad \nrinneadh \u00e9 a sheacadadh go mainistreacha eile i reigi\u00fan na Vosges. \nDealra\u00edonn s\u00e9 chomh maith go raibh s\u00e9 in \u00c9irinn chomh luath le deireadh \nna seacht\u00fa haoise, \u00e1it ar rinneadh giorr\u00fach\u00e1n de faoin bhfoirm dh\u00e1 dh\u00e9ag\n homailithe, faoi ainm Iar\u00f3m. Bhain a l\u00e1n t\u00e9acsanna \u201c\u00c9ireannacha\u201d eile \n\u00fas\u00e1id as Apponius f\u00e9in n\u00f3 as an Suda-Iar\u00f3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bh\u00ed f\u00e1il ar Apponius chomh maith sa Bhreatain, thuaidh (Beda) agus theas, san ocht\u00fa c\u00e9ad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d3 cheantar na nOile\u00e1n chuaigh an t\u00e9acs ioml\u00e1n agus an giorr\u00fach\u00e1n de \nisteach go Gaill an Tuaiscirt (Saint-Amand agus rl.) agus thar sin go \ndt\u00ed an Ghearm\u00e1in (W\u00fcrzburg. Regensburg, Salzburg).<\/p>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n

4. An Cathach (7\u00fa c\u00e9ad)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

i. <\/em>Is \u00e9 an Cathach, \u00f3n seacht\u00fa haois, an l\u00e1mhscr\u00edbhinn \nmhaisithe \u00c9ireannach is aosta at\u00e1 againn. Is bl\u00faire \u00e9 den Saltair le \nSailm 30:10-105:14, 75 Sailm ar fad, thart ar leath den Tr\u00ed Caogaid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ii. T\u00e9acs an Bh\u00edobla. <\/em>An Vulg\u00e1id, an Gallicanum,<\/em> at\u00e1 sa t\u00e9acs. agus t\u00e9acs maith de ch\u00f3iri\u00fa bunaidh Naomh Iar\u00f3im. T\u00e1 s\u00e9 ar aon dul leis an Gallicanum<\/em> i Saltair Dh\u00fabailte Saint-Ouen, Ls Rouen, Bibl. mun. 24 (10\u00fa c\u00e9ad) \u00c1ir\u00edtear iad araon mar an Fine (family) \u00c9ireannach den Gallicanum.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

iii. An Cathach: na h-obeli (obil OIT). <\/em>T\u00e1 comhartha\u00ed diaicriticeacha (idirdhealaitheacha) sa Chathach<\/em>, an asteriscus<\/em> (r\u00e9ilt\u00edn) agus an obelus<\/em>. Dar le Lawlor ina thras-scr\u00edbhinn den l\u00e1mhscr\u00edbhinn n\u00e1r thug s\u00e9 faoi deara ach 21 aistrisc agus 25 obil, obeli,<\/em> sa Chathach,[11]<\/a> sin 46 ar fad. Dar le De Sainte-Marie, a rinne athscr\u00fad\u00fa ar an t\u00e9acs, 39 a bh\u00ed ann idir aistrisc agus obeli.<\/em>[12]<\/a>\n Rinne m\u00e9 f\u00e9in tr\u00ed chomhaireamh agus fuair me 21 aistrisc agus 19 obeli,\n 40 ar fad. Is d\u00f3cha go bhfuil an ceart ag Lawlor. T\u00e9ann \u00fasaid na \nn-asteirisc agus na h-obeli<\/em> siar go hIar\u00f3m ina chompar\u00e1id idir th\u00e9acsanna an tSeacht\u00f3id agus an Eabhrais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na h-obeli<\/em> amh\u00e1in is c\u00e1s linn anseo. Is \u00ed ba aidhm leo n\u00e1 \nfocail aonair n\u00f3 n\u00edos m\u00f3 nach raibh sa bhun-t\u00e9acs Eabhraise (in \naistri\u00fachan Laidine Iar\u00f3m) a mharc\u00e1il. De r\u00e9ir taighde De Sainte-Marie \nfreagra\u00edonn l\u00edon maith de na comhartha\u00ed (na h-obeli<\/em>) sa \nChathach do thagairt\u00ed beachta san t\u00e9acs Eabhrach. L\u00e9ir\u00edonn 10 gcinn \nd\u00edobh an aidhm cheart a bh\u00ed acu: athbhreithni\u00fa (athcheart\u00fa) th\u00e9acs \nLaidine an Chathaigh de r\u00e9ir an t\u00e9acs Eabhraigh, n\u00f3 n\u00edos cruinne f\u00f3s de \nr\u00e9ir t\u00e9acs Eabhrach an Fhine \u00c9ireannaigh. Dh\u00e1 shampla soil\u00e9ire d\u00f3 na \nSalm 89:17 (l\u00edne ioml\u00e1n in easnamh sa t\u00e9acs \u00c9ireannach) agus Salm \n97(98):5 (cithara <\/em>amh\u00e1in in easnamh).[13]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Is soil\u00e9ir mar sin go raibh sain-fhine (family) t\u00e9acs\u00fail den Hebraicum<\/em> in \u00c9irinn chomh maith leis an cheann den Gallicanum<\/em>, agus sin go luath, n\u00edos luaithe n\u00e1 an Cathach f\u00e9in, sa s\u00e9\u00fa haois ar a laghad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

iv. An Cathach agus Saltair Dh\u00fabailte Rouen. <\/em>Mar a d\u00faradh thuas, glactar leis gur ionann t\u00e9acs an Gallicanum<\/em> i Saltair Dh\u00fabailte Saint-Ouen, Ls Rouen, Bibl. mun. 24 (10\u00fa c\u00e9ad) agus t\u00e9acs an Chathaigh<\/em>. Maidir le sain-Fhine (clann; familia) \u00c9ireannach an Hebraicum <\/em>de,\n t\u00e1 s\u00e9 ar f\u00e1il i dtr\u00ed l\u00e1mhscr\u00edbhinn\u00ed faoi na sigla AKI. A an Amiatinus \n(8 c\u00e9ad), K Ls Karlsruhe, Badische Landesbibliothek Aug, XXXVIII, 9\u00fa \nc\u00e9ad; I\u2013 Saltair Dh\u00fabailte Rouen (10\u00fa c\u00e9ad). \u00d3 thaobh primit\u00edbheachais \nagus glaine an t\u00e9acs de is \u00e9 I <\/strong>an ceann is fearr. Mar a mheabhra\u00edonn Luc De Coninck, is ionann t\u00e9acs agus na comhartha\u00ed diocriticeacha sa Gallicanumi <\/em>sa Chathach agus sa Saltair Dh\u00fababilte; t\u00e1 an t-aistrisc agus na h-obeli<\/em> sa Saltair Dh\u00fabailte d\u00edreach mar at\u00e1 siad sa Cathach.[14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n

In mo thuairim an t\u00e1tal, an choncl\u00faid, a bheadh le baint as seo n\u00e1 gur taobh thiar den Chathach<\/em> mar t\u00e1 s\u00e9 anois bh\u00ed Saltair Dh\u00fabailte den chuma at\u00e1 againn i Saltair Dh\u00fabailte Rouen, gan na gluaiseanna \u2014 Hebraicum<\/em> den traidisi\u00fan \u00c9ireannach ar thaobh amhain, agus Gallicanum <\/em>den tradisi\u00fan c\u00e9anna sa taobh eile, agus na comhartha\u00ed diocriticeacha den aistrisc agus obelus<\/em> curtha sa Gallicanum ag freagairt don Hebraicum <\/em>Eireannach. M\u00e1s \u00f3n tseacht\u00fa haois an Cathach<\/em>, bheadh an Saltair Dh\u00fabailte seo \u00f3n s\u00e9\u00fa haois. Ceist le freagairt n\u00e1 an in \u00c9irinn n\u00f3 taobh amuigh di a cumadh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

v. An Cathach.<\/em> Na Tituli Psalmorum.[15]<\/strong><\/a> <\/em>Sa Chathach <\/em>tar \u00e9is na teidil Bh\u00edobalta, t\u00e1 teidil, tituli,<\/em> faoi leith ag gabh\u00e1il le gach salm. De ghn\u00e1th b\u00edonn m\u00edreanna, eilimint\u00ed, \u00e9ags\u00fala sna tituli <\/em>sin, go minic i dtosach b\u00edonn an focal \u201cguth\u201d (Vox<\/em>), an t\u00e9 a mheastar bheith ag caint (Vox Christi, Vox Ecclesiae<\/em> 7rl). In ocht d\u00e9ag de na sailm (ar th\u00fas de ghn\u00e1th) t\u00e1 na briathra Legendus<\/em> ad<\/em>\n (2, 26,27,[40,43, 44,45,46, 47, 49, 50, 52], 68, 83. 90, 105, 106,129),\n a bhformh\u00f3r d\u00edobh sin (8 as 18) idir Sailm 40 agus 52, agus ina dhiaidh\n sin Vox.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cuirtear an cheist an chumad\u00f3ireacht \u201cbhaile\u201d, in \u00c9irinn, na Titili <\/em>sin\n n\u00f3 an \u00f3n iasacht iad, agus cad iad na foinsi taobh thiar d\u00edobh. Measann\n Aidan Breen gur \u00f3n iasacht agus \u00f3n traidisi\u00fan Gr\u00e9igeach. T\u00e1 Pierre \nSalmon idir dh\u00e1 chomhairle faoin gceist.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9anfaimid an cheist a phl\u00e9 faoi gach eilimint faoi leith. Ar dt\u00fas maidir le an t\u00e9arma Vox. <\/em>T\u00e1 an \u00fas\u00e1id sin an-chom\u00f3nta sa saothar Anonymi Glosa Psalmorun ex traditione Seniorum<\/em>,\n a cumadh de r\u00e9ir dealraimh i dt\u00fas na seacht\u00fa haoise i ndomhan manach\u00fail\n i ndeisceart na Fraince, sa Provence. In aist\u00ed n\u00edos luaithe thaispe\u00e1in \nm\u00e9 go raibh ceangal \u00e1irithe idir Tituli <\/em>seo Columbae<\/em> agua an Anomymi Glosa.<\/em>[17]<\/a> N\u00edl aon teidil ag an sailm sa Glosa\u00b8<\/em>ach t\u00e1 an t\u00e9arma Vox <\/em>an-chom\u00f3nta sna gluaiseanna, mar shampla: ag , at Ps 4:2: Hic uox Christi et uox ecclesiae. <\/em>Ag 4:3<\/em>. Uox ecclesiae ad Iudaeos increpando loquitur (<\/em>teideal sa Cathach<\/em>: Propheta increpat Judeos);<\/em> 47:2 Vox ecclesiae<\/em>; 47:9, Vox apostolorum<\/em>; 54:2, Vox ecclesiae<\/em>; 54:5. Vox infirmorum<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I dtaca leis an nath Legendus ad <\/em>sna hocht sailm d\u00e9ag thuas \nluaite, n\u00edltear ar aon aigne faoin gc\u00fais taobh thiar de, mar shampla go \nbhfuil baint aige le \u00fas\u00e1id liot\u00fairgeach.[18]<\/a> N\u00ed d\u00f3igh liom gurb amhlaidh at\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00ed thugtar aon leid faoin mh\u00edr n\u00f3 v\u00e9arsa den salm at\u00e1 le l\u00e9amh den \nsalm i gceist, n\u00f3 den t\u00e9acs eile ach an oiread. Measaim go bhfuil an \nnath seo le tuiscint taobh istigh de thraidisi\u00fan beo luath-\u00c9ireannach \neisig\u00e9ise inar thuig lucht \u00fas\u00e1idte an natha cad a bh\u00ed i gceist. Ba l\u00e9or \nd\u00f3ibh nod don eolach. T\u00e1 an comhartha s\u00f3irt seo an-chos\u00fail le gn\u00e9 a bh\u00ed \nan-chom\u00f3nta i dt\u00e9acsanna luatha b\u00edobalta de luath-stair na hEaglaise in \n\u00c9irinn, agus ar a dtugann Bernhard Bischoff comhartha\u00ed, siomt\u00f3im, \n\u00c9ireannacha orthu. Ina fhocail si\u00fad: \u201cNuair nach gluaiseanna aonair \nsimpl\u00ed at\u00e1 sa l\u00e9irmh\u00edni\u00fa, ach go nd\u00e9anann s\u00e9 iarrracht dul isteach go \nbr\u00ed an \u00e1bhair f\u00e9in, d\u00e9antar an ceangal coincheap\u00fail idir an d\u00e1 shliocht a\n l\u00e9iri\u00fa n\u00edos cruinne\u201d. Bh\u00ed foirml\u00ed iomad\u00fala ann chun an ceangal sin a \nl\u00e9iri\u00fa. Ceann d\u00edobh n\u00e1 haeret <\/em>(\u201ct\u00e9ann s\u00e9 le\u201d). Is rud cruthanta \u00c9ireannach ceangal sleachta tr\u00ed haeret. <\/em>Ceann eile n\u00e1 coniungitur ad <\/em>(\u201ct\u00e1\n s\u00e9 ceangailte\/nascaithe le\u201d). Sna c\u00e1sanna seo baintear feidhm as na \nfocail at\u00e1 le ceangal agus an t\u00e9acs a bhfuil s\u00e9 le ceangal leis, murab \nionann agus sna Tituli Columbae.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le roinnt sampla\u00ed a th\u00f3g\u00e1il, ceann l\u00e9iritheach ar dt\u00fas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Salm 45. <\/strong>\u201cLe l\u00e9amh ag (legendus ad<\/em>) (l\u00e9itheoireacht Gn\u00edomartha na nAspal. Guth na nAspal.\u201d (Legendus ad lectionem Actus apostolorum. Vox apostolorum<\/em>).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00ed thugtar aon v\u00e9arsa den Salm n\u00f3 de Ghn\u00edomhartha na nAspal d\u00fainn ach\n \u00f3n dteideal don ch\u00e9ad salm eile (Salm 46) is f\u00e9idir glacadh leis go \nbhfuil baint aige le radharc \u00e9igin tar \u00e9is an ais\u00e9ir\u00ed n\u00f3 na Deascabh\u00e1la.\n agus go bhfuil v\u00e9arsa an tsailm i gceist ag tagairt do theacht an \nSpioraid Naoimh, le 45:5 mar v\u00e9arsa cu\u00ed: Fluminis impetus laetificat ciuitatem Dei, <\/em>\u201cCuireann rabharta na habhann l\u00fach\u00e1ir ar chathair D\u00e9\u201d, ag tagairt do teacht an Spioraid Naoimh i Gn\u00edomhartha 2:2 mar sonus tanquam advenientis spiritus vehementis. <\/em>Ba leor nod leis an tagairt ioml\u00e1n don traidisi\u00fan a thuiscint.<\/p>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n

Ta an t-\u00e1dh linn go bhfuil l\u00e9irmh\u00edni\u00fa ioml\u00e1n againn ar an salm seo 45\n i Leabhar Ard Mhaca (folio 171v,a; leath-fholio idir an Apacailips agus\n Gn\u00edomhartha na Aspal, a thagann tar \u00e9is an Apacailipse sa leabhar seo),\n gur fi\u00fa achoimre de a thabhairt. T\u00e1 an eisig\u00e9is de r\u00e9ir na ceithre \nbr\u00edonna, stair, sensus\/sians, mor\u00e1lta, agus per anagogen (anagogia; <\/em>an \u00fas\u00e1id is luaithe den t\u00e9arma seo i dt\u00e9acs \u00c9ireannach measaim).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I dtosach tugtar v\u00e9arsa tosaigh an tSailm: Deus noster refugium<\/em> [Ps 45:1], \u201cIs \u00e9 Dia \u00e1r nd\u00eddean\u201d, agus ansin go v\u00e9arsa 5 Fluminis impetus<\/em>.. Is mian leis an l\u00e9irmh\u00edni\u00fa ar v\u00e9arsa seo a haon den t\u00e9acs dh\u00e1 rud a shoil\u00e9iri\u00fa, is \u00e9 sin \u00e9 cad go beacht is br\u00ed le fluminis impetus, <\/em>\u201crabharta na habhann\u201d, agus conas a chuireann s\u00e9 l\u00fach\u00e1ir ar chathair D\u00e9. \u00d3 thaobh na staire (an ch\u00e9ad bhr\u00ed) de ba \u00e9 an fluninis impetus<\/em>\n n\u00e1 ionradh arm na hAsa\u00edre ar R\u00edocht an Tuaiscirt (Iosrael), a bhris an \nl\u00e9igear ar Iar\u00fasailem, ag cur l\u00fach\u00e1ire mar sin ar chathair D\u00e9. Sa \ncheathr\u00fa chiall, per anagogen<\/em>, luaitear ar\u00eds briathra tosaigh 45:5 fluminis impetus\u00b8 <\/em>ach\n anois d\u00e9antar \u00e9 a nascadh le Eoin 7:38 agus 7:39 ar a abhainn, \nsruthanna, d\u2019uisce beo a bh\u00ed le rith as Cr\u00edost, a mh\u00edn\u00edtear bheith ag \ntagairt faoin Spiorad a bh\u00ed le glacadh acu si\u00fad a chreid ann, Spiorad a \nbh\u00ed le teacht tar \u00e9is do Chr\u00edost a bheith gl\u00f3irithe (tr\u00edna bh\u00e1s, a \nai\u00e9ir\u00ed, a dheascabh\u00e1il), an Spiorad Naomh a gheall \u00cdosa roimh a \ndheascabh\u00e1il (Gn\u00edomhartha 1:8).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Salm 46:<\/strong> \u201cLe l\u00e9amh ag (legendus ad<\/em>) (l\u00e9itheoireacht Gn\u00edomartha na nAspal. Guth na nAspal tar \u00e9is do Chr\u00edost dul suas go dt\u00ed an tAthair.\u201d (Legendus ad lectionem Actus apostolorum. Vox apostolorum postquam ascendit Christus ad Patrem<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u2019fh\u00e9adfa\u00ed nasc a dh\u00e9anamh idir dheascabh\u00e1il Cr\u00edost (ar a bhfuil cur \ns\u00edos uirthi i Ghnomh\u00edartha na nAspal 1:9-14), agus Salm 46:6: Ascendit Deus in iubilo Dominus in voce tubae, <\/em>\u201cChuaigh Dia in airde maille le gairdeachas, an Tiarna le gl\u00f3r an stoic\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Salm 43:<\/strong> Hic exomologesim, Legendus ad epistolam Pauli ad Romanos<\/em>. Propheta ad Dominum de operibus eius paenitentiam gerens pro populo judaico.[19]<\/a> (\u201cLe l\u00e9amh ag Litir Ph\u00f3il chuig na R\u00f3mh\u00e1naigh\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bheadh Salm 43 le l\u00e9amh le nasc leis an Litir chuig na R\u00f3mh\u00e1naigh de bhr\u00ed go luaitear (cited) Salm 43:22 i R\u00f3mh\u00e1naigh 8:33.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ps 105<\/strong>. Vox ecclesiae ad apostolos. Legendus ad Exodum<\/em>; Ps 106<\/strong>. Vox Christi de Judeis. Legendus ad Judicum et Numeri libros<\/em>. \u201cLe l\u00e9amh ag (Leabhar) Exodus; Le l\u00e9amh ag Leabhair nas mBreithi\u00fana agus Leabhar na nUimhreacha\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Is sailm stairi\u00fala iad sin, a bhfuil a gc\u00falra le f\u00e1il sna h\u00e1iteanna cu\u00ed sna leabhair eile den Bh\u00edobla luaite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

.Ps 68. <\/strong>Legendus ad lectionem Jonae prophetae et ad euangelium Johannis. Uox Christi cum pateretur.<\/em> \u201cLe l\u00e9amh ag l\u00e9itheoireacht an fh\u00e1idh Iona agus ag Soisc\u00e9al Eoin\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1 an tagairt don fh\u00e1idh I\u00f3na, de r\u00e9ir dealraimh, do I\u00f3na i mbolg an \n\u00e9isc mh\u00f3ir. Mar a deir I\u00f3na le Dia (I\u00f3na 2:4): \u201cTheilg t\u00fa m\u00e9 s\u00edos san \naibh\u00e9is, i ndoimhneacht na farraige, mar ar thimpeallaigh an d\u00edle m\u00e9, \nagus mar a raibh do thonnta agus do shaoist\u00ed uile ag madhmadh tharam\u201d, \nsliocht ar aon dul le t\u00fas an tsailm seo: \u201cTarrthaigh m\u00e9. a Dhia, \u00f3ir \nth\u00e1ngadar na huisc\u00ed go dt\u00ed mo mhuin\u00e9al. T\u00e1im sl\u00f3gtha, b\u00e1ite i l\u00e1\u00edb an \naig\u00e9in, agus n\u00edl \u00e1it agam ina gcuirfinn mo chos. R\u00e1inig m\u00e9 i \nndoimhneacht na mara, agus treascraid na tonntracha m\u00e9\u201d (Salm 68:2-3). .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Is \u00e9 seo an salm is Cr\u00edosteola\u00edochta\u00ed sa Saltair, agus t\u00e1 an chuid is\n m\u00f3 de na tagairt\u00ed do Chr\u00edost ann i Soisc\u00e9al Eoin, mar shampla: Salm 68,\n v\u00e9arsa 4 in Eoin 15:25; v\u00e9arsa 9 in Eoin 2:17; v\u00e9arsa 10 in Eoin 2:17. I\n gc\u00f3ir Eoin 19:28-29 f\u00e9ach v\u00e9arsa 22.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Soisc\u00e9il Laidine \u00c9ireannacha<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

i. L\u00edon na dt\u00e9acsanna<\/em>.<\/strong> Fiche ocht i l\u00e1mhscr\u00edbhneoireacht \u00c9ireannach agus deich l\u00e1mhscr\u00edbh\u00ednn\u00ed eile gaolmhar don traidisi\u00fan seo.<\/p>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n

ii<\/strong>. D\u00e1ta<\/em><\/strong>. <\/em>Seacht\u00fa haois<\/strong>:\n Usserianus Primus (Sean-Laidin); Leabhar Dar\u00fa (Vulg\u00e1id ghlan); Durham \n(Cathedral Library Library A.II.10; C.III.13; C.III.20, bl\u00fair\u00ed; Matha \nagus Marcas; T\u00e9acs measctha agus Sean-Laidin). Ocht\u00fa haois<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>roinnt eile; n\u00edos d\u00e9ana\u00ed, cinn eile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

iii.T\u00e9acs<\/em><\/strong>. Sean-Laidin<\/strong> go hioml\u00e1n Usserianus Primus; Vulg\u00e1id ghlan<\/strong> Leabhar Dar\u00fa; measc\u00e1n<\/strong> de Sean-Laidin agus Vulg\u00e1id (An t\u00e9acs measctha \u00c9ireannach, roinnt mhaith de na t\u00e9acsanna; an gr\u00fapa DELQR <\/strong>(Ard\n Mhaca, Egerton 609, Lichfield, Ceannanais; Mac R\u00e9agail) le comharthai \ns\u00f3irt aitheantais faoi leith, ina measc naoi n-idirshleachta \n(interpolations) aitheanta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

iv<\/strong>. Tr\u00e9ithe suntasacha den \u201cT\u00e9acs B\u00edoblta \u00c9ireannach\u201d<\/em><\/strong>: <\/em>Vulg\u00e1id\n le tionchar l\u00e1idir \u00f3n tSean-Laidin, n\u00f3 de r\u00e9ir scol\u00e1ir\u00ed \u00e1irithe \nceart\u00fachan den tSean-Laidin i leith na Vulg\u00e1ide; blocanna measc\u00e1in \n(block mixtures; t\u00e9acs t\u00f3gtha as l\u00e1mhscr\u00edbhinn eile) den tSean-Laidin i \ndt\u00e9acsanna den Vulg\u00e1id n\u00f3 den t\u00e9acs \u00c9ireannach Measctha, mar shampla \nMarcas 2:12-6:5 Sean-Laidin i bl\u00fair\u00ed Durham; Eoin 1:29-3:26 i St Gallen \nStiftsbibliothek Codex 60; tionchar an-trom Sean-Laidine i gcodanna de \nUsserianus Secundus (\u201cGarland of Howth\u201d), agus Soisc\u00e9il Moling (mura \n\u201cblocanna measc\u00e1in\u201d, block mixtrures, at\u00e1 ansin).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

v<\/strong>.Stair an taighde san \u00e1bhar. Buaicphoint\u00ed: <\/em><\/strong>(186<\/strong><\/em>3<\/strong>) <\/em>B. F. Westcott, \u2018Vulgate\u2019, in Dictionary<\/em> of the Bible: Comprising its antiquities, biography, and natural history, <\/em>W. Smith (ed), 3 vols, with continuous pagination, vol. III (London 1863<\/strong>), lgh. 1688-1718; (1893)<\/em><\/strong> S. Berger, Histoire de la Vulgate pendant les premieres si\u00e8cles du <\/em>Moyen \u00c2ge<\/em>\n (Paris 1893) (athcl\u00f3 New York 1958). Chapitre III: Les textes irlandais\n et Anglo-Saxons\u2019, lgh. 29-45; \u2018Chapitre IV: \u2018Les irlandais en Europe\u2019, \nlgh. 46-59; (<\/strong>1889-1898<\/strong>), J. Wordsworth and H.J. White, Novum Testamentum Pars Prior. Quattuor Evangelia<\/em> (Oxford) (le aitheantas don ghr\u00fapa DELQR); (1986-2018<\/strong>) M. McNamara, in Bibleagrafa\u00edocht<\/em>. Sa su\u00edomh idirl\u00edn \u201cinsulargospels.net\u201d; (1994 7rl,<\/strong>), <\/em>Patrck McGurk, Latin Gospel Books from A.D. 400 to A.D 800, <\/em>Aldershot.; (2016),<\/strong> H.A.G. Houghton, The Latin New Testament. A Guide to its History, Texts and Manuscripts<\/em>, Oxford. (2018)<\/strong> H.A.G. Houghton, Collation of Synoptics in Ms St Gall 51, with introduction, in D. Bracken, (ed.), Companion Volume to Facsimile Edition of MS St Gall Stiftsbibliothek 51; <\/em>M.McNamara, \u201cBackground to Irish Gospel Texts: General Introduction\u201d, in Damian Bracken, (ed.), Companion Volume to Facsimile Edition of MS St Gall Stiftsbibliothek <\/em>51, le foilsi\u00fa i mbliana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

vi<\/em><\/strong>. B\u00e9imeanna sa taighde nua-aimseartha<\/strong><\/em>. Tionchar trom na Sean-Laidine; ceart\u00fach\u00e1n \u00f3n tSean-Laidin i leith na Vulg\u00e1ide, seachas tionchar \u00f3n tSean-Laidin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

vii<\/em><\/strong>. Bibleagrafa\u00edocht<\/strong><\/em>.<\/strong> Sa su\u00edomh idirl\u00edn \u201cinsulargospels.net\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n

viii<\/strong>. Togra comhaimsire i dtaighde na Soisc\u00e9al \u00c9ireannacha.<\/em><\/strong> Ar si\u00fal cheana i gcomhair leis an Docht\u00far Hugh Houghton, L\u00e9acht\u00f3ir le L\u00e9ann T\u00e9acs\u00fail an Tiomna Nua in Ollscoil Birmingham.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Aidhm. <\/em>Col\u00e1id (collation) ioml\u00e1n de l\u00e1mscr\u00edbhinn\u00ed na Soisc\u00e9al \u00c9irennacha (28 + cinn eile)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b.Me\u00e1in chuige. <\/em>Tras-scr\u00edomh proifisi\u00fanta de na l\u00e1mscr\u00edbhinn\u00ed<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. Dul chun cinn sa togra. <\/em>T\u00e1 s\u00e9 cinn de na Ceithre Soisc\u00e9il tras-scr\u00edofa ar fad, agus deich gcinn de Shoisc\u00e9al Eoin as Soisc\u00e9il eile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toradh ginear\u00e1lta an taighde seo: <\/strong>Fianaise go raibh \nl\u00e9ann an Bh\u00edobla in \u00c9irinn beo, aib\u00ed gn\u00edomhach ina th\u00fas-r\u00e9, 6\u00fa-8\u00fa haois,\n le boradh \u00e1 thabhairt, mar is l\u00e9ir, \u00f3 an scr\u00edbhinn\u00ed iomad\u00fala n\u00edos \nd\u00e9ana\u00ed a l\u00e9irigh saothar Bernhard Bischoff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Breis eolais sa Su\u00edomh Idirl\u00edn insulargospels.net<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

English Summary<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De initiis. Aspects of Irish Ecclesiastical<\/em> Learning A.D. 600-800<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e1irt\u00edn Mac Conmara<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The aim of the project De initiis <\/em>is to ascertain the extent\n of this learning in the early church, especially in the sixth and \nseventh centuries. The present paper is interested in evidence regarding\n biblical learning. It examines the 135 (7th century) glosses in the Old\n Latin text Usserianus Primus<\/em><\/strong>;\u2013<\/em> Apponius\u2019<\/strong> commentry on the Canticle<\/em> and relation with Columbanus <\/strong>(6th<\/sup> cent.) and abbreviation<\/strong> of this in Ireland (7th<\/sup> cent.); the biblical (Vulgate) text and its critical signs in the Cathach<\/strong> <\/em>and their implications, concluding that behind our present Cathach 7th-cent. <\/em>text\n there stood a Double Psalter (as currently in Rouen MS. Bibl.mun. 24) \nof the sixth century possibly of Irish origin. It finds that the Tituli<\/em><\/strong> of the Cathach <\/em>are of Irish origin, not imported, and the frequently used Legendus ad<\/em><\/strong> (\u201cto be read at\u201d) is a forerunner of the later Irish ubiquitous haeret, coniungitur ad<\/em> of exegetical texts. The 28 Irish Gospel texts<\/strong> (3 of seventh century. Old Latin, Vulgate, Mixed Text), remainder mainly 8th<\/sup>,\n research history on the topic from 1863 (B.F. Westcott) onwards traced,\n with the present project to have them all transcribed profesionally and\n collated. More information in Internet Site insulargospels.net.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

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General conclusion from this study<\/em><\/strong>:<\/em> biblical learning in Ireland in 6th<\/sup>-8th cent. mature and active, to flourish later inthe many writings brought to our attention by Bernhard Bischoff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> F\u00e9ach M. Mac Conmara, \u201cDe initiis<\/em>: Apocrafa, an Biobla agus L\u00e9ann Luath-Eaglais na h\u00c9ireeann\u201d, in Sacred Histories. A Festschrift for Mire Herbert\u00b8<\/em>Baile \u00c1tha Ciath, 2015, lgh.199-208, ag 199.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> B. Bischoff, \u201cWendepunkte in der Geschichte der lateinischen Exegese im Fr\u00fchmittelalter\u201d, no. 22, in Sacris Erudiri <\/em>6 (1954), 189-281; eagr\u00e1n leasaithe Mittelalterliche Studien. Ausgew\u00e4hlte Aufs\u00e4tze zur Schriftkunde und Literaturgeschichte<\/em>,\n vol. 1, Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1966, lgh. 205-273; aistri\u00fach\u00e1n B\u00e9arla, \n\u201cTurning-points in the History of Latin Exegesis in the Early Middle \nAges\u201d, by Colm O\u2019Grady, in Biblical Studies. The Medieval Irish Contribution, <\/em>ed. M. McNamara (Proceedings <\/em>of the Irish Biblical Association<\/em> 1), Dublin: Dominican Publications, 1976, lgh. 73-160, ag 78-79.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> P. \u00d3 N\u00e9ill, \u201cThe earliest dry-point glosses in Codex Usserianus Primus\u201d, in \u201cA Miracle of Learning\u201d. Studies in Manuscripts and Irish Learning. Essays on honour of William O\u2019Sullivan<\/em>, Toby Barnard et al.<\/em> (eds.), Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998, lgh. 1-28.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> Sancti Columbani Opera <\/em>(Scriptores Latini Hiberniae <\/em>\u201c), ed. G.S. Murdoch Walker (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1970), 10-11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> T\u00e1 an cheist sin c\u00edortha agam in M. McNamara, \u201cTwo Early Irish Biblical Commentaries (c.<\/em>650-850 CE)\u201d, Proceedings of the Irish Biblical Association <\/em>39 (2016), 88-103, ag 88-99.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> Apponii In Canticum Canticorum Expositionem, <\/em>CCSL 19, ediderunt<\/em>\n Bernard de Vregille agus Louis Neyrand (Turnhout: Brepols, 1986). T\u00e1 \naistri\u00fa Fraincise ann, mar aon leis an teacs Laidine, ag Bernard de \nVregille agus Louis Neyrand, Apponius. Commentaire sur le Cantique<\/em>, 3 vols, Sources Chr\u00e9tiennes 420, 421, 430 (Paris: Cerf, 1997-98).<\/p>\n\n\n

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F\u00e9ach n. 6 thuas; agus de Vregille agua Neyrand, Apponius. Commentaire <\/em>I, 15-128.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> L\u00e9irmheasanna le Jean-Paul Bouhot in Revue des \u00c9tudes Augustiniennes<\/em> 33 (1987) 186-7; Jacques Fontaine in Revue des \u00c9tudes Latines<\/em> 65 (1987-89) 314-6; Basil Studer in Augustinianum<\/em> 27 (1987) 635-9; Michael Winterbottom in Journal of Theological Studies<\/em> 39 (1988) 273-6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> Faoi thr\u00e1chtaireacht Angelomus f\u00e9ach de Vregille and Neyrand, Apponii In Canticum, <\/em>xxxii-xxxiv; agus Silvia Cantelli, Angelomo e la scuola esegetica di Luxeuil<\/em>.\n 2 imleabhar, Biblioteca di Medioevo Latino, Societ\u00e0 Internazionale per \nlo Studio del Medioevo Latino (Spoleto: Centro Italiano di Studi \nsull\u2019Alto Medioevo, 1990) I, 373-454, 436-54 for Apponius.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> De Vregille and Neyrand, Apponius. Commentaire<\/em> I, 23 (uaim f\u00e9in an t-aistri\u00fach\u00e1n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> Lawlor, \u201cThe Cathach\u201d, lch. 257,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> De Sainte-Marie, Sancti Hieronyni Psalterium, <\/em>lch. xxuiii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> De Sainte Marie, Sancti Hieronyni Psalterium, <\/em>lch.xxiii.<\/p>\n\n\n

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[14]<\/a> F\u00e9ach Luc De Coninck, Expositiones psalmorun duae sicut sicut in codice<\/em> Rothomagensi 24 asservantur, in eagar ag L. De Coninck (CCCM 256; Scriptores Celtigenae Pars VII), Turnhout, 2012, lch. xi: \u201cGa.[llicana] <\/em>instructa est obelis (quorum pars manu recentioire est addita) et asteriscis : obeli in hoc codice, ut iam in Cathach<\/em> [le n\u00f3ta ag tagairt do H. De Sainte Marie, ed. Sancti Hieronymi Psalteriumn iuxta Hebraeos, <\/em>1954,\n p. xxiii; McNamara [1984, \u201cEarly Irish Exegesis. Some Facts and \nTendencies\u201d, PIBA 8, 1984, lgh. 57-96), uocabula quae in traditione hibernica <\/em>[fol\u00edneadh ag De Coninck] uersionis He[braicum] <\/em>non inueniebantur\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Eagr\u00e1n ag Pierre Salmon, Les \u201cTituli Psalmorum\u201d des manuscrits latins <\/em>(Collectanea Biblica Latina 12), An R\u00f3imh-An Vatac\u00e1in, 1959, \u201cI. S\u00e9rie I. S\u00e9rie de Saint Colomba\u201d, lgh. 45-74.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> F\u00e9ach P. Salmon, Les \u201cTituli\u201d, <\/em>pp. 51-54;\u2019 A. Breen, \u201cThe Rubrics of the Cathach<\/em> and what they Contain\u201d, and \u201cThe Sources of the tituli<\/em> in the Cathach<\/em>\u201d, in The <\/em>Cathach of Colum Cille. An Introduction<\/em>, by Michael Herity and Aidan Breen, Dublin, 2002, pp. 45-51; 51-65.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> M. McNamara, \u201cSome Affiliations of the St Columba Series of Psalm Headings. A Preliminary Study\u201d, in The Psalms in the Early Irish Church<\/em>, Sheffield, 2000, lgh. 302\u2014352, ag 302,308-310.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> See Salmon, \u201cLes \u2018Tituli\u2019\u201d, lgh. 51-52.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> See McNamara, \u201cSome Affiliations\u201d, lgh. 318-19, 327-28.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

AISTE De Initiis: Gn\u00e9ithe den L\u00e9ann Eaglasta in \u00c9irinn A.D. 600-800 M\u00e1irt\u00edn Mac Conmara MSC 1. R\u00e9amhr\u00e1 Ionann an togra De initiis, \u201cNa c\u00e9imeanna tosaigh\u201d agus an l\u00e9ann eaglasta in … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-656","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/656","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=656"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/656\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1103,"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/656\/revisions\/1103"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sundayscriptureonline.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=656"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}